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Abstract
Abstract
Habitat use often differs among intraspecific individuals, and the degree to which individual animals use specific habitats, i.e. microhabitat breadth, can also vary. Variation in body colour sometimes emerges as dark vs. bright coloration, which can be related to habitat selectivity. The aim of this study was to examine whether darker animals prefer shady sites to avoid overheating from direct sunlight exposure, whereas brighter animals would use both shady and open sites. Orb-web spiders, Cyclosa argenteoalba, have a silver dorsal abdomen with black markings; the proportion of these black markings varies between 20 and 100% among individuals. In summer, there was less variation in the duration of direct sunlight hitting the webs of darker spiders compared with that of brighter spiders. This indicated a narrower microhabitat range for darker spiders, which preferred shady sites. This pattern was not observed in spring and autumn, when thermal conditions were less severe. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that when the temperature is high, darker animals are microhabitat specialists, whereas brighter animals are generalists. A previous study found that darker spiders capture more prey than brighter spiders, and the amount of black markings is considered to be a trade-off between foraging success and microhabitat availability.
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Liao H, Liao C, Blamires SJ, Tso I. Multifunctionality of an arthropod predator’s body coloration. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien‐Chun Liao
- Department of Life Science Tunghai University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Pan Liao
- Department of Life Science Tunghai University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Biology National Museum of Natural Science Taichung Taiwan
| | - Sean J. Blamires
- Department of Life Science Tunghai University Taichung Taiwan
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales
| | - I‐Min Tso
- Department of Life Science Tunghai University Taichung Taiwan
- Center for Tropical Ecology and Biodiversity Tunghai University Taichung Taiwan
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3
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Ximenes NG, Gawryszewski FM. Prey and predators perceive orb-web spider conspicuousness differently: evaluating alternative hypotheses for color polymorphism evolution. Curr Zool 2018; 65:559-570. [PMID: 31616487 PMCID: PMC6784512 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Color polymorphisms have been traditionally attributed to apostatic selection. The perception of color depends on the visual system of the observer. Theoretical models predict that differently perceived degrees of conspicuousness by two predator and prey species may cause the evolution of polymorphisms in the presence of anti-apostatic and apostatic selection. The spider Gasteracantha cancriformis (Araneidae) possesses several conspicuous color morphs. In orb-web spiders, the prey attraction hypothesis states that conspicuous colors are prey lures that increase spider foraging success via flower mimicry. Therefore, polymorphism could be maintained if each morph attracted a different prey species (multiple prey hypothesis) and each spider mimicked a different flower color (flower mimicry hypothesis). Conspicuous colors could be a warning signal to predators because of the spider’s hard abdomen and spines. Multiple predators could perceive morphs differently and exert different degrees of selective pressures (multiple predator hypothesis). We explored these 3 hypotheses using reflectance data and color vision modeling to estimate the chromatic and achromatic contrast of G. cancriformis morphs as perceived by several potential prey and predator taxa. Our results revealed that individual taxa perceive the conspicuousness of morphs differently. Therefore, the multiple prey hypothesis and, in part, the multiple predator hypothesis may explain the evolution of color polymorphism in G. cancriformis, even in the presence of anti-apostatic selection. The flower mimicry hypothesis received support by color metrics, but not by color vision models. Other parameters not evaluated by color vision models could also affect the perception of morphs and influence morph survival and polymorphism stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia G Ximenes
- Animal Colouration and Evolution Lab, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Gawryszewski
- Animal Colouration and Evolution Lab, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Morales D, Rico-Gray V, García-Franco JG, Ajuria-Ibarra H, Hernández-Salazar LT, Robledo-Ospina LE, Rao D. Context-dependent crypsis: a prey's perspective of a color polymorphic predator. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:36. [PMID: 29754205 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many animals use body coloration as a strategy to communicate with conspecifics, prey, and predators. Color is a trade-off for some species, since they should be visible to conspecifics but cryptic to predators and prey. Some flower-dwelling predators, such as crab spiders, are capable of choosing the color of flowers where they ambush flower visitors and pollinators. In order to avoid being captured, visitors evaluate flowers visually before landing. The crab spider Mecaphesa dubia is a polymorphic species (white/purple color morphs), which inhabits the flower heads of a dune plant, Palafoxia lindenii. Using full-spectrum photography of spiders and flowers, we evaluated how honeybees perceived the spiders at different distances. Using visual modeling, we obtained the chromatic and achromatic contrasts of the spiders on flower heads as perceived by honeybees. Purple morphs were found mainly on the receptacle area and white morphs were equally likely to be found in the flowers and receptacle. According to theoretical modeling, white morphs were visible to honeybees from a distance of 10 cm in receptacle area but appeared to be cryptic in the flower area. Purple morphs were cryptic on the receptacle and less so when they were on the flowers. Spiders on flower heads are predicted to be more easily detected by honeybees using chromatic contrast. Our study shows that the conspicuousness of flower dwelling spiders to honeybees depends on the color morph, the distance of observation, and the position of spider on the flower head.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rodríguez-Morales
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - V Rico-Gray
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - J G García-Franco
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - H Ajuria-Ibarra
- Instituto de Biotecnologia y Ecologia Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Culturas Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa, 91090, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - L T Hernández-Salazar
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - L E Robledo-Ospina
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico.,Grupo de Aracnología, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - D Rao
- Instituto de Biotecnologia y Ecologia Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Culturas Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa, 91090, Veracruz, Mexico
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