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Ahmad I. CRISPR/Cas9—A Promising Therapeutic Tool to Cure Blindness: Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911482. [PMID: 36232782 PMCID: PMC9569777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-based targeted genome editing is bringing revolutionary changes in the research arena of biological sciences. CRISPR/Cas9 has been explored as an efficient therapeutic tool for the treatment of genetic diseases. It has been widely used in ophthalmology research by using mouse models to correct pathogenic mutations in the eye stem cells. In recent studies, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to correct a large number of mutations related to inherited retinal disorders. In vivo therapeutic advantages for retinal diseases have been successfully achieved in some rodents. Current advances in the CRISPR-based gene-editing domain, such as modified Cas variants and delivery approaches have optimized its application to treat blindness. In this review, recent progress and challenges of the CRISPR-Cas system have been discussed to cure blindness and its prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; ; Tel.: +966-13-8608393
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Tovar-Parra D, Gil-Quiñones SR, Nova J, Gutiérrez-Castañeda LD. 3'UTR-CDKN2A and CDK4 Germline Variants Are Associated With Susceptibility to Cutaneous Melanoma. In Vivo 2021; 35:1529-1536. [PMID: 33910831 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Genetic variations of the CDKN2A and CDK4 gene have been associated to melanoma development. In the present study we investigated the potential associations of CDKN2A and CDK4 gene variants in a colombian population diagnosed with melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was extracted from whole blood samples from 85 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma and 166 healthy controls. CDKN2A and CDK4 genes were genotyped using a high-resolution melting assay. RESULTS A similar distribution of CDKN2A variants 500C>G and 540C>T was found among cases (12% and 31% respectively) and controls (15% and 31% respectively). The CDKN2A variants were present in 36% of acral lentiginous melanoma and 39.47% of lentigo maligna. The haplotype analysis showed an association with susceptibility in the development of melanoma. CONCLUSION The presence of haplotype 500G/540C in males is associated with an increased risk of melanoma in a colombian population, especially in subjects with a family history of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tovar-Parra
- General Dermatology Group, Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Ramiro Gil-Quiñones
- General Dermatology Group, Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John Nova
- General Dermatology Group, Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz D Gutiérrez-Castañeda
- General Dermatology Group, Hospital Universitario Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta E.S.E, Bogotá, Colombia
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Combination of chemotherapy with BRAF inhibitors results in effective eradication of malignant melanoma by preventing ATM-dependent DNA repair. Oncogene 2021; 40:5042-5048. [PMID: 34140639 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive malignant melanoma (MM) is an aggressive tumor with no curative therapy in advanced stages. Chemotherapy has not demonstrated its efficacy in MM and current treatment for tumors carrying the most frequent BRAFV600E mutation consists of BRAF inhibitors alone or in combination with MAPK pathway inhibitors. We previously found that BRAF inhibition prevents activation of the DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathway in colorectal cancer thus potentiating the effect of chemotherapy. We now show that different chemotherapy agents inflict DNA damage in MM cells, which is efficiently repaired, associated with activation of the ATM-dependent DDR machinery. Pharmacologic inhibition of BRAF impairs ATM and DDR activation in these cells, leading to sustained DNA damage. Combination treatments involving DNA-damaging agents and BRAF inhibitors increase tumor cell death in vitro and in vivo, and impede MM regrowth after treatment cessation. We propose to reconsider the use of chemotherapy in combination with BRAF inhibitors for MM treatment.
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Johansson PA, Nathan V, Bourke LM, Palmer JM, Zhang T, Symmons J, Howlie M, Patch AM, Read J, Holland EA, Schmid H, Warrier S, Glasson W, Höiom V, Wadt K, Jönsson G, Olsson H, Ingvar C, Mann G, Brown KM, Hayward NK, Pritchard AL. Evaluation of the contribution of germline variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 to uveal and cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2019; 29:483-490. [PMID: 31464824 PMCID: PMC6716616 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose individuals to a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and elevated risk of other cancers, including those of the pancreas and prostate. BRCA2 mutation carriers may have increased risk of uveal melanoma (UM) and cutaneous melanoma (CM), but associations with these cancers in BRCA1 mutation carriers have been mixed. Here, we further assessed whether UM and CM are associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 by assessing the presence, segregation and reported/predicted pathogenicity of rare germline mutations (variant allele frequency < 0.01) in families with multiple members affected by these cancers. Whole-genome or exome sequencing was performed on 160 CM and/or UM families from Australia, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Between one and five cases were sequenced from each family, totalling 307 individuals. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline variants and to assess carrier status in other available family members. A nonsense and a frameshift mutation were identified in BRCA1, both resulting in premature truncation of the protein (the first at p.Q516 and the second at codon 91, after the introduction of seven amino acids due to a frameshift deletion). These variants co-segregated with CM in individuals who consented for testing and were present in individuals with pancreatic, prostate and breast cancer in the respective families. In addition, 33 rare missense mutations (variant allele frequency ranging from 0.00782 to 0.000001 in the aggregated ExAC data) were identified in 34 families. Examining the previously reported evidence of functional consequence of these variants revealed all had been classified as either benign or of unknown consequence. Seeking further evidence of an association between BRCA1 variants and melanoma, we examined two whole-genome/exome sequenced collections of sporadic CM patients (total N = 763). We identified one individual with a deleterious BRCA1 variant, however, this allele was lost (with the wild-type allele remaining) in the corresponding CM, indicating that defective BRCA1 was not a driver of tumorigenesis in this instance. Although this is the first time that deleterious BRCA1 mutations have been described in high-density CM families, we conclude that there is an insufficient burden of evidence to state that the increased familial CM or UM susceptibility is because of these variants. In addition, in conjunction with other studies, we conclude that the previously described association between BRCA2 mutations and UM susceptibility represents a rare source of increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Johansson
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Vaishnavi Nathan
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Lauren M. Bourke
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Jane M. Palmer
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Judith Symmons
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Madeleine Howlie
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Medical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Jazlyn Read
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Holland
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Helen Schmid
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Sunil Warrier
- Queensland Ocular Oncology Service, The Terrace Eye Centre, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - William Glasson
- Queensland Ocular Oncology Service, The Terrace Eye Centre, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, 4062, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Graham Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas K. Hayward
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Antonia L. Pritchard
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Genetics and Immunology, An Lòchran, University of the Highlands and Island, Inverness, United Kingdom
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Terzidou C, Trivli A, Dalianis G, Apessou D, Spandidos DA, Goulielmos GN. Advanced choroidal melanoma with a desirable aesthetic outcome after enucleation: A case report. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:511-514. [PMID: 29928440 PMCID: PMC6006346 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal melanoma is a rare ocular tumor. The present study reports the case of a 66-year-old male who presented with chronic headache and progressive visual loss. Physical eye examination and combined A- and B-mode ultrasonography detected choroidal melanoma. Due to tumor characteristics the eye was enucleated restoring the orbital volume with a 22 mm intraorbital bioceramic sphere implant. The eye was subjected to histopathological examination that confirmed the choroidal melanoma, 2 cm in diameter and 0.8 cm in elevation, occupying almost half of the globe. Microscopically, the neoplasm comprises mostly of epithelioid cells and fewer Type B spindle cells, with intense pigmentation. AJCC staging for the melanoma was T4b. The patient was fitted with an artificial eye after enucleation. Thirteen months after initial diagnosis, liver metastases were confirmed during his scheduled follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Terzidou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konstantopouleio-Patission General Hospital, 14233 Nea Ionia, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Trivli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konstantopouleio-Patission General Hospital, 14233 Nea Ionia, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Dalianis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konstantopouleio-Patission General Hospital, 14233 Nea Ionia, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Apessou
- Department of Pathology, Konstantopouleio-Patission General Hospital, 14233 Nea Ionia, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George N Goulielmos
- Section of Molecular Pathology and Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Singh M, Tyagi SC. Genes and genetics in eye diseases: a genomic medicine approach for investigating hereditary and inflammatory ocular disorders. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:117-134. [PMID: 29376001 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Past 25y have witnessed an exponential increase in knowledge and understanding of ocular diseases and their respective genetic underpinnings. As a result, scientists have mapped many genes and their variants that can influence vision and health of our eyes. Based on these findings, it is becoming clear that an early diagnosis employing genetic testing can help evaluate patients' conditions for instituting treatment plan(s) and follow-up care to avoid vision complications later. For example, knowing family history becomes crucial for inherited eye diseases as it can benefit members in family who may have similar eye diseases or predispositions. Therefore, gathering information from an elaborate examination along with complete assessment of past medical illness by ophthalmologists followed by consultation with geneticists can help create a roadmap for making diagnosis and treatment precise and beneficial. In this review, we present an update on ocular genomic medicine that we believe has tremendous potential towards unraveling genetic implications in ocular diseases and patients' susceptibilities. We also discuss translational aspects of genetic ophthalmology and genome engineering that may help advance molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Tran G, Helm M, Litton J. Current Approach to Breast Cancer Risk Reduction for Women with Hereditary Predispositions to Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-016-0220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Genetic markers of pigmentation are novel risk loci for uveal melanoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31191. [PMID: 27499155 PMCID: PMC4976361 DOI: 10.1038/srep31191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of genetic risk factors in the etiology of uveal melanoma (UM) has been strongly suggested, the genetic susceptibility to UM is currently vastly unexplored. Due to shared epidemiological risk factors between cutaneous melanoma (CM) and UM, in this study we have selected 28 SNPs identified as risk variants in previous genome-wide association studies on CM or CM-related host phenotypes (such as pigmentation and eye color) and tested them for association with UM risk. By logistic regression analysis of 272 UM cases and 1782 controls using an additive model, we identified five variants significantly associated with UM risk, all passing adjustment for multiple testing. The three most significantly associated variants rs12913832 (OR = 0.529, 95% CI 0.415–0.673; p = 8.47E-08), rs1129038 (OR = 0.533, 95% CI 0.419–0.678; p = 1.19E-07) and rs916977 (OR = 0.465, 95% CI 0.339–0.637; p = 3.04E-07) are correlated (r2 > 0.5) and map at 15q12 in the region of HERC2/OCA2, which determines eye-color in the human population. Our data provides first evidence that the genetic factors associated with pigmentation traits are risk loci of UM susceptibility.
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Venza M, Visalli M, Biondo C, Oteri R, Agliano F, Morabito S, Teti D, Venza I. Epigenetic marks responsible for cadmium-induced melanoma cell overgrowth. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:242-50. [PMID: 25448810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a human carcinogen that likely acts via epigenetic mechanisms. However, the precise role of Cd in melanoma remains to be defined. The goals of this study are to: (i) examine the effect of Cd on the proliferation rate of cutaneous and uveal melanoma cells; (ii) identify the genes affected by Cd exposure; (iii) understand whether epigenetic changes are involved in the response to Cd. The cell growth capacity increased at 48 h after Cd treatment at doses ranging from 0.5 to 10 μM. The research on the key genes regulating proliferation has shown that aberrant methylation is responsible for silencing of p16(INK4A) and caspase 8 in uveal and cutaneous melanoma cells, respectively. The methylation and expression patterns of p14(ARF), death receptors 4/5, and E-cadherin remained unmodified after Cd treatment in all the cell lines analyzed. Ectopic expression of p16(INK4A) abolished the overgrowth of uveal melanoma cells in response to Cd and the overexpression of caspase 8 drastically increased the apoptotic rate of Cd-treated cutaneous melanoma cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that hypermethylation of p16(INK4A) and caspase 8 represents the most common event linked to Cd-induced stimulation of cell growth and inhibition of cell death pathway in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Nielsen M, Dogrusöz M, Bleeker J, Kroes W, van Asperen C, Marinkovic M, Luyten G, Jager M. The genetic basis of uveal melanoma. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 38:516-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Cebulla CM, Binkley EM, Pilarski R, Massengill JB, Rai K, Liebner DA, Marino MJ, Singh AD, Abdel-Rahman MH. Analysis of BAP1 Germline Gene Mutation in Young Uveal Melanoma Patients. Ophthalmic Genet 2015; 36:126-31. [PMID: 25687217 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1010734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the prevalence of BAP1 germline mutations in a series of young patients with uveal melanoma (UM), diagnosed before age 30. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out on 14 young uveal melanoma patients (average age 21.4 years, range 3 months to 29 years). Germline DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. BAP1 sequencing was carried out using direct sequencing of all exons and adjacent intronic sequences. We also tested for germline mutations in additional melanoma-associated candidate genes CDKN2A and CDK4 (exon 4). RESULTS We identified one patient with a pathogenic mutation (c. 1717delC, p.L573fs*3) in BAP1. This patient was diagnosed with UM at age 18 years and had a family history of a father with UM and a paternal grandfather with cancer of unknown origin. One additional patient had an intronic variant of uncertain significance (c.123-48T > G) in BAP1 while the remaining 12 patients had no alteration. None of the patients had CDKN2A or CDK4 (Exon 4) mutations. Family history was positive for a number of additional malignancies in this series, in particular for cutaneous melanoma, prostate, breast and colon cancers. There were no families with a history of mesothelioma or renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a small subset of patients with early onset UM has germline mutation in BAP1. While young patients with UM should be screened for germline BAP1 mutations, our results suggest that there is a need to identify other candidate genes which are responsible for UM in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Cebulla
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
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12
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Epigenetic regulation of p14ARF and p16INK4A expression in cutaneous and uveal melanoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:247-56. [PMID: 25497382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of p14ARF and p16INK4A by epigenetic changes in cutaneous and uveal melanoma has been here investigated. Compared with melanocytes, p14ARF mRNA reduction and p16INK4A inactivation were frequently noticed. No association between p14ARF promoter methylation and mRNA levels was found, whereas aberrant p16INK4A methylation was associated with gene silencing (p<0.001). Comparative analysis within melanomas of different Breslow's thicknesses showed that drastic reductions in p14ARF and p16INK4A expression appeared at the level of thin/intermediate and intermediate/thick transitions. The effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) on in vivo binding of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and acetyl histone H3/H4 to p14ARF and p16INK4A promoters were tested together with the impact of ectopic expression of p14ARF and p16INK4A on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. SAHA treatment induced H3 and H4 hyperacetylation at the p14ARF promoter followed by increased p14ARF expression, whereas exposure to 5-aza-dC decreased the recruitment of DNMT1 and DNMT3b at the p16INK4A promoter and reactivated p16INK4A. Studies on promoter-associated di-methyl histone H3 (Lys4) levels ruled out an involvement of this epigenetic trait on p14ARF and p16INK4A expression. The enforced expression of p14ARF or p16INK4A and, even more so, their co-expression, significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Our data pinpoint: i) a frequent impairment of p14ARF and p16INK4A gene expression by epigenetic modifications in melanoma; ii) histone hypoacetylation as the dominant mechanism of p14ARF silencing; and iii) 5' CpG promoter methylation as the major mechanism of p16INK4A gene inactivation. Collectively, our data suggest that selected epi-drugs may be useful in melanoma treatment.
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Gill HS, Char DH. Uveal melanoma prognostication: from lesion size and cell type to molecular class. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47:246-53. [PMID: 22687301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence for molecular genetic testing of uveal melanoma in the context of prognostic indicators of metastasis and tumour-related mortality. DESIGN Review of the literature and personal experiences of the authors. METHODS We conducted a MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed literature search (1980-2011) for English-language abstracts and full-text references regarding molecular genetic testing of uveal melanoma. Search terms included uveal, melanoma, cytogenetic, gene, and molecular. All studies in which patients with primary uveal melanoma underwent molecular genetic testing with survival data for disease-related metastasis and mortality were reviewed. RESULTS From 176 identified articles, 40 were scientific studies of uveal melanomas that included histologic and molecular genetic analysis. Of those, 24 included survival data, correlation of molecular genetic features with other prognostic indicators, or both. Cytogenetic and microarray gene expression analysis allows uveal melanoma lesions to be classified as high risk or low risk for metastasis and disease-related mortality. Gene expression profiling supersedes clinical, histologic, and cytogenetic prognosticators. CONCLUSIONS Uveal melanoma comprises a heterogeneous group of malignancies based on its molecular biology. Molecular class by gene expression profiling has the most strongly predictive value for uveal melanoma metastasis and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet S Gill
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Nagarkatti-Gude N, Wang Y, Ali MJ, Honavar SG, Jager MJ, Chan CC. Genetics of primary intraocular tumors. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012; 20:244-54. [PMID: 22834783 PMCID: PMC3436423 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2012.702843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary intraocular neoplasms are tumors that originate within the eye. The most common malignant primary intraocular tumor in adults is uveal melanoma and the second is primary intraocular lymphoma or vitreoretinal (intraocular) lymphoma. The most common malignant intraocular tumor in children is retinoblastoma. Genetics plays a vital role in the diagnosis and detection of ocular tumors. In uveal melanoma, monosomy 3 is the most common genetic alteration and somatic mutations of BAP1, a tumor suppressor gene, have been reported in nearly 50% of primary uveal melanomas. The retinoblastoma gene RB1 is the prototype tumor suppressor gene-mutations in RB1 alleles lead to inactivated RB protein and the development of retinoblastoma. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) or T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement is observed in B-cell or T-cell primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, respectively. Other factors related to the genetics of these three common malignancies in the eye are discussed and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nagarkatti-Gude
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Njauw CNJ, Kim I, Piris A, Gabree M, Taylor M, Lane AM, DeAngelis MM, Gragoudas E, Duncan LM, Tsao H. Germline BAP1 inactivation is preferentially associated with metastatic ocular melanoma and cutaneous-ocular melanoma families. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35295. [PMID: 22545102 PMCID: PMC3335872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BAP1 has been shown to be a target of both somatic alteration in high-risk ocular melanomas (OM) and germline inactivation in a few individuals from cancer-prone families. These findings suggest that constitutional BAP1 changes may predispose individuals to metastatic OM and that familial permeation of deleterious alleles could delineate a new cancer syndrome. Design To characterize BAP1's contribution to melanoma risk, we sequenced BAP1 in a set of 100 patients with OM, including 50 metastatic OM cases and 50 matched non-metastatic OM controls, and 200 individuals with cutaneous melanoma (CM) including 7 CM patients from CM-OM families and 193 CM patients from CM-non-OM kindreds. Results Germline BAP1 mutations were detected in 4/50 patients with metastatic OM and 0/50 cases of non-metastatic OM (8% vs. 0%, p = 0.059). Since 2/4 of the BAP1 carriers reported a family history of CM, we analyzed 200 additional hereditary CM patients and found mutations in 2/7 CM probands from CM-OM families and 1/193 probands from CM-non-OM kindreds (29% vs. 0.52%, p = .003). Germline mutations co-segregated with both CM and OM phenotypes and were associated with the presence of unique nevoid melanomas and highly atypical nevoid melanoma-like melanocytic proliferations (NEMMPs). Interestingly, 7/14 germline variants identified to date reside in C-terminus suggesting that the BRCA1 binding domain is important in cancer predisposition. Conclusion Germline BAP1 mutations are associated with a more aggressive OM phenotype and a recurrent phenotypic complex of cutaneous/ocular melanoma, atypical melanocytic proliferations and other internal neoplasms (ie. COMMON syndrome), which could be a useful clinical marker for constitutive BAP1 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ni Jenny Njauw
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivana Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adriano Piris
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michele Gabree
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Taylor
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne Marie Lane
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, John A Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Evangelos Gragoudas
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lyn M. Duncan
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abdel-Rahman MH, Pilarski R, Cebulla CM, Massengill JB, Christopher BN, Boru G, Hovland P, Davidorf FH. Germline BAP1 mutation predisposes to uveal melanoma, lung adenocarcinoma, meningioma, and other cancers. J Med Genet 2011; 48:856-9. [PMID: 21941004 PMCID: PMC3825099 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential contribution of germline sequence alterations in the BAP1 gene in uveal melanoma (UM) patients with possible predisposition to hereditary cancer. DESIGN A total of 53 unrelated UM patients with high risk for hereditary cancer and five additional family members of one proband were studied. Mutational screening was carried out by direct sequencing. RESULTS Of the 53 UM patients studied, a single patient was identified with a germline BAP1 truncating mutation, c. 799 C→T (p.Q267X), which segregated in several family members and was associated with UM and other cancers. Biallelic inactivation of BAP1 and decreased BAP1 expression were identified in the UM, lung adenocarcinoma and meningioma tumours from three family members with this germline BAP1 mutation. Germline BAP1 variants of uncertain significance, likely non-pathogenic, were also identified in two additional UM patients. CONCLUSION This study reports a novel hereditary cancer syndrome caused by a germline BAP1 mutation that predisposes patients to UM, lung carcinoma, meningioma, and possibly other cancers. The results indicate that BAP1 is the candidate gene in only a small subset of hereditary UM, suggesting the contribution of other candidate genes.
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