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Sridharan J, Haremaki T, Weinstein DC. Cloning and spatiotemporal expression of Xenopus laevis Apolipoprotein CI. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191470. [PMID: 29346450 PMCID: PMC5773212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein CI (ApoCI) belongs to the Apolipoprotein superfamily, members of which are involved in lipid transport, uptake and homeostasis. Excessive ApoCI has been implicated in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease in humans. In this study we report the isolation of Xenopus laevis apoCI and describe the expression pattern of this gene during early development, using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and whole mount in situ hybridization. Xenopus apoCI is enriched in the dorsal ectoderm during gastrulation, and is subsequently expressed in sensory placodes, neural tube and cranial neural crest. These data suggest as yet uncharacterized roles for ApoCI during early vertebrate embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Sridharan
- Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - Tomomi Haremaki
- Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Weinstein
- Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Li WH, Li Z, Liu W, Zhou L, Gui JF. BMP and RA signaling cooperate to regulate Apolipoprotein C1 expression during embryonic development. Gene 2015; 554:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hachero-Cruzado I, Rodríguez-Rua A, Román-Padilla J, Ponce M, Fernández-Díaz C, Manchado M. Characterization of the genomic responses in early Senegalese sole larvae fed diets with different dietary triacylglycerol and total lipids levels. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2014; 12:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zebrafish Noxa promotes mitosis in early embryonic development and regulates apoptosis in subsequent embryogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1013-24. [PMID: 24608793 PMCID: PMC4013518 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noxa functions in apoptosis and immune system of vertebrates, but its activities in embryo development remain unclear. In this study, we have studied the role of zebrafish Noxa (zNoxa) by using zNoxa-specifc morpholino knockdown and overexpression approaches in developing zebrafish embryos. Expression pattern analysis indicates that zNoxa transcript is of maternal origin, which displays a uniform distribution in early embryonic development until shield stage, and the zygote zNoxa transcription is initiated from this stage and mainly localized in YSL of the embryos. The zNoxa expression alterations result in strong embryonic development defects, demonstrating that zNoxa regulates apoptosis from 75% epiboly stage of development onward, in which zNoxa firstly induces the expression of zBik, and then cooperates with zBik to regulate apoptosis. Moreover, zNoxa knockdown also causes a reduction in number of mitotic cells before 8 h.p.f., suggesting that zNoxa also promotes mitosis before 75% epiboly stage. The effect of zNoxa on mitosis is mediated by zWnt4b in early embryos, whereas zMcl1a and zMcl1b suppress the ability of zNoxa to regulate mitosis and apoptosis at different developmental stages. In addition, mammalian mouse Noxa (mNoxa) mRNA was demonstrated to rescue the arrest of mitosis when zNoxa was knocked down, suggesting that mouse and zebrafish Noxa might have similar dual functions. Therefore, the current findings indicate that Noxa is a novel regulator of early mitosis before 75% epiboly stage when it translates into a key mediator of apoptosis in subsequent embryogenesis.
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Wang MY, Guo QH, Du XZ, Zhou L, Luo Q, Zeng QH, Wang JL, Zhao HB, Wang YF. HIRA is essential for the development of gibel carp. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:235-244. [PMID: 23912483 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
HIRA is one of the chaperones of histone H3.3. Mutation of Hira results in embryonic lethality in mice, suggesting a critical role in embryogenesis. However, Hira-mutated Drosophila may survive to adults, indicating that it is dispensable in Drosophila development. The role of Hira in fish development is unknown. In this study we first investigated the expression of Hira during embryogenesis of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) by whole-mount in situ hybridization. We found that Hira signal appeared ubiquitously in the early embryos. After gastrulation, it appeared mainly along the anterior-posterior axis, including the tail bud. In hatching period, the signal was detected in head, heart, and the endoderm region on the back of yolk. Then by microinjection with morpholino-HIRA at the beginning of development, we observed delayed gastrulation and abnormal somitogenesis in gibel carp embryos. The HIRA morphants exhibited short trunk, limited yolk extension, and twisted tail. Most of the mutants died during embryogenesis or shortly after hatching. The rest of the HIRA morphants could survive to larvae but with severe defects in organogenesis. These data suggest that HIRA may be essential for the development of gibel carp, and this function is conserved in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Zhou L, Li Z, Li W, Gui J. Apolipoprotein C1 regulates epiboly during gastrulation in zebrafish. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:975-84. [PMID: 24203452 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C1 (Apoc1) is associated with lipoprotein metabolism, but its physiological role during embryogenesis is largely unknown. We reveal a new function of Apoc1b, a transcript isoform of Apoc1, in epiboly during zebrafish gastrulation. Apoc1b is expressed in yolk syncytial layers and in deep cells of the ventral and lateral region of the embryos. It displays a radial gradient with high levels in the interior layer and low levels in the superficial layer. Knockdown of Apoc1b by injecting antisense morpholino (MO) caused the epiboly arrest in deep cells. Moreover, we show that the radial intercalation and the radial gradient distribution of E-cadherin are disrupted both in Apoc1b knockdown and overexpressed embryos. Therefore, Apoc1b controls epiboly via E-cadherin-mediated radial intercalation in a gradient-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Wang C, Zhang F, Cao W, Wang J. The identification of apolipoprotein C-I in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) and its expression following cadmium exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:419-426. [PMID: 23467118 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environment contaminant that has been detected in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In our study, rare minnow were exposed to 0.4 mg/L Cd(2+) solution, fish tissues including gill, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle, and spleen were collected at 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after exposure. Differential expression sequence tags (ESTs) were screened and an EST similar to Hemibarbus mylodon apolipoprotein C-I (ApoC-I) was identified. The ApoC-I cDNA had been obtained with the sequence of 583 bp, which can code 84 amino acids. The transcription expression patterns of ApoC-I were compared after Cd exposure with the real-time PCR in the above tissues. ApoC-I regulation was prominent in spleen, muscle, gill and liver and moderate in kidney and intestine. This suggests a complex transcriptional regulation of ApoC-I expression following Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, PR China
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Isolation and characterization of some novel genes of the apolipoprotein A-I family in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Open Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-011-0042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractApolipoproteins such as apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apoA-IV, and apoE are lipid binding proteins synthesized mainly in the liver and the intestine and play an important role in the transfer of exogenous or endogenous lipids through the circulatory system. To investigate the mechanism of lipid transport in fish, we have isolated some novel genes of the apoA-I family, apoIA-I (apoA-I isoform) 1–11, from Japanese eel by PCR amplification. Some of the isolated genes of apoIA-I corresponded to 28kDa-1 cDNAs which had already been deposited into the database and encoded an apolipoprotein with molecular weight of 28 kDa in the LDL, whereas others seemed to be novel genes. The structural organization of all apoIA-Is consisted of four exons separated by three introns. ApoIA-I10 had a total length of 3232 bp, whereas other genes except for apoIA-I9 ranged from 1280 to 1441 bp. The sequences of apoIA-Is at the exon-intron junctions were mostly consistent with the consensus sequence (GT/AG) at exon-intron boundaries, whereas the sequences of 3′ splice acceptor in intron 1 of apoIA-I1-7 were (AC) but not (AG). The deduced amino acid sequences of all apoIA-Is contained a putative signal peptide and a propeptide of 17 and 5 amino acid residues, respectively. The mature proteins of apoIA-I1-3, 7, and 8 consisted of 237 amino acids, whereas those of apoIA-I4-6 consisted of 239 amino acids. The mature apoIA-I10 sequence showed 65% identity to amino acid sequence of apoIA-I11 which was associated with an apolipoprotein with molecular weight of 23 kDa in the VLDL. All these mature apoIA-I sequences satisfied the common structural features depicted for the exchangeable apolipoproteins such as apoA-I, apoA-IV, and apoE but apoIA-I11 lacked internal repeats 7, 8, and 9 when compared with other members of apoA-I family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel apoIA-Is isolated from Japanese eel were much closer to apoA-I than apoA-IV and apoE, suggesting new members of the apoA-I family.
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Li CJ, Gan F, Chen XH, Liu ZG, Li LX, Wei QW, Tang YK. Molecular and expression analysis of apolipoprotein E gene in the Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhou L, Gui JF. Molecular mechanisms underlying sex change in hermaphroditic groupers. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:181-193. [PMID: 20467860 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Groupers are widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the world and are regarded as a favourite marine food fish. However, their large-scale aquaculture has been hindered by the rarity of natural males. Being protogynous hermaphrodites, groupers have been considered as study model for development and reproduction, especially for sex determination or sex differentiation, owing to the advantage that grouper gonad development undergoes transition from ovary to intersexual gonad and then to testis, and primordial germ cells and different stages of gametic cells during oogenesis and spermatogenesis are synchronously observed in the transitional gonads. Recently, a series of genes related to the reproduction regulation or sex differentiation have been identified in the groupers, mainly by researchers in China. One important finding was that the grouper gene, doublesex/male abnormal 3-related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1), is not only differentially expressed in gonads at different stages, but that it is also restricted to specific stages and specific cells of spermatogenesis. Grouper DMRT1 protein exists only in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes, but not in the supporting Sertoli cells. Moreover, no introns were found in the grouper DMRT1, and no duplicated DMRT1 genes were detected. The finding implies that the intronless DMRT1 that is able to undergo rapid transcriptional turnover might be a significant gene for stimulating spermatogenesis in the protogynous hermaphroditic gonad. Additionally, we have found that grouper expression of sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group-box gene 3 (SOX3) is a significant time point for enterable gametogenesis of primordial germ cells, because SOX3 is obviously expressed and localized in primordial germ cells. As SOX3 continues to express, the SOX3-positive primordial germ cells develop toward oogonia and then oocytes, whereas, when SOX3 expression is ceased, the SOX3-positive primordial germ cells develop toward spermatogonia. Therefore, we suggest that SOX3, as a transcription factor, might have more important roles in oogenesis than in spermatogenesis. Based on the findings, a hypothetic molecular mechanism underlying sex change is proposed in the hermaphroditic groupers, and some candidate genes related to the grouper sex change are also suggested for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Wuhan Center for Developmental Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Gohin M, Bobe J, Chesnel F. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of follicle-enclosed oocyte maturational and developmental competence acquisition in two non-mammalian vertebrates. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:18. [PMID: 20059772 PMCID: PMC2821372 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, late oogenesis is a key period during which the oocyte acquires its ability to resume meiosis (i.e. maturational competence) and to develop, once fertilized, into a normal embryo (i.e. developmental competence). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these key biological processes are far from being fully understood. In order to identify key mechanisms conserved among teleosts and amphibians, we performed a comparative analysis using ovarian tissue sampled at successive steps of the maturational competence acquisition process in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and in the clawed toad (Xenopus laevis). Our study aimed at identifying common differentially expressed genes during late oogenesis in both species. Using an existing transcriptomic analysis that had previously been carried out in rainbow trout, candidate genes were selected for subsequent quantitative PCR-based comparative analysis. RESULTS Among the 1200 differentially expressed clones in rainbow trout, twenty-six candidate genes were selected for further analysis by real-time PCR in both species during late oogenesis. Among these genes, eight had similar expression profiles in trout and Xenopus. Six genes were down-regulated during oocyte maturation (cyp19a1, cyp17a1, tescalcin, tfr1, cmah, hsd11b3) while two genes exhibited an opposite pattern (apoc1, star). In order to document possibly conserved molecular mechanisms, four genes (star, cyp19a1, cyp17a1 and hsd11b3) were further studied due to their known or suspected role in steroidogenesis after characterization of the orthology relationships between rainbow trout and Xenopus genes. Apoc1 was also selected for further analysis because of its reported function in cholesterol transport, which may modulate steroidogenesis by regulating cholesterol bioavailability in the steroidogenic cells. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully identified orthologous genes exhibiting conserved expression profiles in the ovarian follicle during late oogenesis in both trout and Xenopus. While some identified genes were previously uncharacterized during Xenopus late oogenesis, the nature of these genes has pointed out molecular mechanisms possibly conserved in amphibians and teleosts. It should also be stressed that in addition to the already suspected importance of steroidogenesis in maturational competence acquisition, our approach has shed light on other regulatory pathways which may be involved in maturational and developmental competence acquisitions that will require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maella Gohin
- CNRS/IGDR (UMR 6061), IFR140 GFAS, Université de Rennes I, 2, Avenue du Pr, Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Fang X, Wei Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Dai J. The identification of apolipoprotein genes in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) and their expression following perfluorooctanoic acid exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:152-9. [PMID: 19800026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins play important roles in lipid transport and uptake in vertebrates, and they are associated with pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. However, the diverse apolipoproteins in individual fish species have not been extensively characterized. Partial cDNA sequences encoding ApoA-IV, ApoE, ApoM, ApoL, and ApoO, and full-length cDNA sequences encoding ApoA-I were cloned from rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). Sequence analysis showed that these genes, as well as fragments of other known apolipoprotein genes (ApoC-I, ApoC-II, ApoB) of rare minnow had a high similarity (91-96%) to their orthologues in the spotted barbel Hemibarbus mylodon (Teleostei:Cypriniformes). The expression of these nine genes and their possible upstream genes, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and HNF4alpha, were investigated in rare minnow after subacute exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for 14days. Results showed that the expression of mRNA for ApoA-I, ApoC-II, and ApoM was significantly downregulated in all PFOA-treated animals. Only fish receiving the highest dose of PFOA showed downregulation of the expression of ApoA-IV and ApoC-I, while fish treated with 10mg PFOA/L showed upregulation of expression of ApoE. Expression of ApoB, ApoO, and ApoL was unchanged between control and treated groups. In addition, the expression of PPARalpha was increased in all dosed fish, while the mRNAs for PPARgamma and HNF4alpha were significantly altered with 30 and 3mg PFOA/L doses, respectively. Therefore, subacute exposure to PFOA resulted in alteration of expression of apolipoproteins and related genes. These changes in gene expression may further influence lipid metabolism or other physiological functions in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Nynca J, Dietrich MA, Karol H, Ciereszko A. Identification of apolipoprotein C-I in rainbow trout seminal plasma. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:1183-7. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three distinct bands with high electrophoretic migration rates were isolated and purified from rainbow trout seminal plasma. The molecular masses of these bands were determined to be 5158.8, 4065.9 and 4929.0 Da. The N-terminal amino acids sequences were elucidated and were found to have high homology with Atlantic salmon apolipoprotein C-I. It can be concluded that apolipoprotein C-I is a major component of rainbow trout seminal plasma. Further studies are necessary to confirm the protective effects of apolipoprotein C-I on spermatozoa in terms of the stabilisation of the sperm membrane.
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New insights into molecular pathways associated with flatfish ovarian development and atresia revealed by transcriptional analysis. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:434. [PMID: 19754951 PMCID: PMC2751788 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a marine flatfish of increasing commercial interest. However, the reproduction of this species in captivity is not yet controlled mainly because of the poor knowledge on its reproductive physiology, as it occurs for other non-salmonid marine teleosts that exhibit group-synchronous ovarian follicle development. In order to investigate intra-ovarian molecular mechanisms in Senegalese sole, the aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed genes in the ovary during oocyte growth (vitellogenesis), maturation and ovarian follicle atresia using a recently developed oligonucleotide microarray. Results Microarray analysis led to the identification of 118 differentially expressed transcripts, of which 20 and 8 were monitored by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization, respectively. During vitellogenesis, many up-regulated ovarian transcripts had putative mitochondrial function/location suggesting high energy production (NADH dehydrogenase subunits, cytochromes) and increased antioxidant protection (selenoprotein W2a), whereas other regulated transcripts were related to cytoskeleton and zona radiata organization (zona glycoprotein 3, alpha and beta actin, keratin 8), intracellular signalling pathways (heat shock protein 90, Ras homolog member G), cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions (beta 1 integrin, thrombospondin 4b), and the maternal RNA pool (transducer of ERBB2 1a, neurexin 1a). Transcripts up-regulated in the ovary during oocyte maturation included ion transporters (Na+-K+-ATPase subunits), probably required for oocyte hydration, as well as a proteinase inhibitor (alpha-2-macroglobulin) and a vesicle calcium sensor protein (extended synaptotagmin-2-A). During follicular atresia, few transcripts were found to be up-regulated, but remarkably most of them were localized in follicular cells of atretic follicles, and they had inferred roles in lipid transport (apolipoprotein C-I), chemotaxis (leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2,), angiogenesis (thrombospondin), and prevention of apoptosis (S100a10 calcium binding protein). Conclusion This study has identified a number of differentially expressed genes in the ovary that were not previously found to be regulated during ovarian development in marine fish. Specifically, we found evidence, for the first time in teleosts, of the activation of chemoattractant, angiogenic and antiapoptotic pathways in hypertrophied follicular cells at the onset of ovarian atresia.
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