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Khalid W, Maqbool Z, Arshad MS, Kousar S, Akram R, Siddeeg A, Ali A, Qin H, Aziz A, Saeed A, Rahim MA, Zubair Khalid M, Ali H. Plant-derived functional components: prevent from various disorders by regulating the endocrine glands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Maqbool
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Safura Kousar
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramish Akram
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Anwar Ali
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, China
| | - Afifa Aziz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Hina Ali
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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2
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Macedo-Garzón B, Loredo-Ranjel R, Chávez-Maldonado M, Jiménez-Flores JR, Villamar-Duque TE, Cárdenas R. Distribution and expression of GnRH 1, kiss receptor 2, and estradiol α and ß receptors in the anterior brain of females of Chirostoma humboldtianum. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:33-47. [PMID: 33118089 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction in vertebrates is a complex process regulated by many hormones, and by paracrine factors and their receptors. This study aimed to examine the expression of pjGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH 1), the kisspeptin receptor 2 (kissr2), and estradiol receptors α and β (ER α and ER β) during different stages of the sexual cycle and their distribution within the anterior brain of females of Chirostoma humboldtianum. Among these molecules, the kissr2 showed the maximal variation in expression, while GnRH 1 showed minimal variation of expression, and ERβ and ERα had intermediate variation of expression. The distribution of these molecules in the anterior brain was consistent with their levels of expression; kissr2 was widely distributed throughout the telencephalon and diencephalon, while ER and GnRH 1 showed more restricted distributions. No coexpression of kissr2 and ER in GnRH 1ergic neurons, suggesting that regulation of this GnRH variant is indirectly mediated by kisspeptin and estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Macedo-Garzón
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología de peces, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - Rosaura Loredo-Ranjel
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología de peces, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - Mónica Chávez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología de peces, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - J Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de lo Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - Tomás E Villamar-Duque
- Bioterio General, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - Rodolfo Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología de peces, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México.
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3
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Muñoz-Cueto JA, Zmora N, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Marvel M, Mañanos E, Zohar Y. The gonadotropin-releasing hormones: Lessons from fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 291:113422. [PMID: 32032603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fish have been of paramount importance to our understanding of vertebrate comparative neuroendocrinology and the mechanisms underlying the physiology and evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) and their genes. This review integrates past and recent knowledge on the Gnrh system in the fish model. Multiple Gnrh isoforms (two or three forms) are present in all teleosts, as well as multiple Gnrh receptors (up to five types), which differ in neuroanatomical localization, pattern of projections, ontogeny and functions. The role of the different Gnrh forms in reproduction seems to also differ in teleost models possessing two versus three Gnrh forms, Gnrh3 being the main hypophysiotropic hormone in the former and Gnrh1 in the latter. Functions of the non-hypothalamic Gnrh isoforms are still unclear, although under suboptimal physiological conditions (e.g. fasting), Gnrh2 may increase in the pituitary to ensure the integrity of reproduction under these conditions. Recent developments in transgenesis and mutagenesis in fish models have permitted the generation of fish lines expressing fluorophores in Gnrh neurons and to elucidate the dynamics of the elaborate innervations of the different neuronal populations, thus enabling a more accurate delineation of their reproductive roles and regulations. Moreover, in combination with neuronal electrophysiology, these lines have clarified the Gnrh mode of actions in modulating Lh and Fsh activities. While loss of function and genome editing studies had the premise to elucidate the exact roles of the multiple Gnrhs in reproduction and other processes, they have instead evoked an ongoing debate about these roles and opened new avenues of research that will no doubt lead to new discoveries regarding the not-yet-fully-understood Gnrh system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences and INMAR, University of Cádiz, CEIMAR, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
| | - Nilli Zmora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José A Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences and INMAR, University of Cádiz, CEIMAR, The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - Miranda Marvel
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evaristo Mañanos
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Yonathan Zohar
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Fontaine R, Ciani E, Haug TM, Hodne K, Ager-Wick E, Baker DM, Weltzien FA. Gonadotrope plasticity at cellular, population and structural levels: A comparison between fishes and mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 287:113344. [PMID: 31794734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Often referred to as "the master gland", the pituitary is a key organ controlling growth, maturation, and homeostasis in vertebrates. The anterior pituitary, which contains several hormone-producing cell types, is highly plastic and thereby able to adjust the production of the hormones governing these key physiological processes according to the changing needs over the life of the animal. Hypothalamic neuroendocrine control and feedback from peripheral tissues modulate pituitary cell activity, adjusting levels of hormone production and release according to different functional or environmental requirements. However, in some physiological processes (e.g. growth, puberty, or metamorphosis), changes in cell activity may be not sufficient to meet the needs and a general reorganization of cell composition and pituitary structure may occur. Focusing on gonadotropes, this review examines plasticity at the cellular level, which allows precise and rapid control of hormone production and secretion, as well as plasticity at the population and structural levels, which allows more substantial changes in hormone production. Further, we compare current knowledge of the anterior pituitary plasticity in fishes and mammals in order to assess what has been conserved or not throughout evolution, and highlight important remaining questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fontaine
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elia Ciani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trude Marie Haug
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dianne M Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, VA22401 Fredericksburg, VA, USA
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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Ciani E, Fontaine R, Maugars G, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Andersson E, Bogerd J, von Krogh K, Weltzien FA. Gnrh receptor gnrhr2bbα is expressed exclusively in lhb-expressing cells in Atlantic salmon male parr. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113293. [PMID: 31580881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh) plays a major role in the regulation of physiological and behavioural processes related to reproduction. In the pituitary, it stimulates gonadotropin synthesis and release via activation of Gnrh receptors (Gnrhr), belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Evidence suggests that differential regulation of the two gonadotropins (Fsh and Lh) is achieved through activation of distinct intracellular pathways and, probably, through the action of distinct receptors. However, the roles of the different Gnrhr isoforms in teleosts are still not well understood. This study investigates the gene expression of Gnrhr in the pituitary gland of precociously maturing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) male parr. A total of six Gnrhr paralogs were identified in the Atlantic salmon genome and named according to phylogenetic relationship; gnrhr1caα, gnrhr1caβ, gnrhr1cbα, gnrhr1cbβ, gnrhr2bbα, gnrhr2bbβ. All paralogs, except gnrhr1caα, were expressed in male parr pituitary during gonadal maturation as evidenced by qPCR analysis. Only one gene, gnrhr2bbα, was differentially expressed depending on maturational stage (yearly cycle), with high expression levels in maturing fish, increasing in parallel with gonadotropin subunit gene expression. Additionally, a correlation in daily expression levels was detected between gnrhr2bbα and lhb (daily cycle) in immature fish in mid-April. Double fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that gnrhr2bbα was expressed exclusively in lhb gonadotropes in the pituitary, with no expression detected in fshb cells. These results suggest the involvement of receptor paralog gnrhr2bbα in the regulation of lhb cells, and not fshb cells, in sexually maturing Atlantic salmon male parr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Ciani
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jan Bogerd
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Reproductive Biology Group, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristine von Krogh
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Wang W, Chen J, Fang Y, Wang B, Zou Q, Wang L, Zhang W, Huang X, Lv H, Zhang C, Wang K. Identification of gnrh2 and gnrh3 and their expression during brood pouch growth and short-term benzo(a)pyrene exposure in lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108579. [PMID: 31386905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) regulate gonadal growth of teleosts. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) functions as a reproductive endocrine disruptor. Furthermore, endocrine regulation on brood pouch growth of Syngnathidaes is elusive. To better understand the role of GnRH in brood pouch growth and effects of BaP on reproductive endocrine in lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus), gnrh2 and gnrh3 genes were identified. Results showed that lined seahorse GnRH2 and GnRH3 precursors included the conservative tripartite structure and their transcripts highly expressed in brain as other teleosts. Expression profiles of gnrh2 and gnrh3 transcripts were detected during brood pouch growth. Results indicated that brain gnrh2 transcripts remarkably increased at the middle-stage and late-stage of brood pouch growth, while brain gnrh3 transcripts significantly raised at the early-stage and middle-stage. These suggested that GnRH2 and GnRH3 regulated brood pouch growth at different stages. Short-term BaP exposure in lined seahorse was performed. Transcripts of gnrh2 and gnrh3 remarkably increased in females and males exposed to BaP. Besides, plasma 17-beta estradiol (E2) levels presented a reduced trend during female fish exposed to BaP. This revealed that BaP functioned as anti-estrogenic effects and it may result in high expression of gnrh mRNA. However, plasma 11-ketone testosterone (11-KT) levels showed an increased trend during male fish exposed to BaP. Taken together, these indicated interesting results of BaP on reproduction in each sex of seahorse. These observations contribute to provide novel information of regulation on brood pouch growth and effects of BaP on reproductive endocrine in Syngnathidaes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Yantai Branch of Shandong Technology Transfer Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of life sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Haoyue Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Tovar Bohórquez MO, Mechaly AS, Elisio M, Chalde T, Canosa LF, Miranda LA, Somoza GM. Kisspeptins and their receptors in the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis of Odonthestes bonariensis: Their relationship with gametogenesis along the reproductive cycle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:209-218. [PMID: 28673514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the reproduction is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis and kisspeptin has emerged as a key player of this axis. In this study, we analyzed changes in the expression levels of kiss1, kiss2, and their receptors, kissr2 and kissr3 during gametogenesis in the BPG axis of feral Odontesthes bonariensis. In females, levels of brain kiss1 showed an increase at final maturation (Fm), while kiss2 levels were shown to be high at primary growth (Pg) stage, with no differences in the expression of their receptors. In the pituitary, kiss1 and kiss2 peaked at the cortical alveoli (Ca) stage, and kissr3 at initial vitellogenesis. In parallel, there was an increase of kiss1, kissr2 and kissr3 in the ovary during the Ca stage and both receptors again at Fm stage. In males, the four genes were highly expressed in the brain at the arrested (A) stage. In the pituitary, kiss2 peaked at spermatogonial (SG) and spermatocytary (SC) stages; while kissr3 reached a peak at the spermiogenic stage (SP). In testes, kiss1 and kiss2 significantly increased during the SG and SC stages; meanwhile, kissr2 increased at SG and SC, whereas kissr3 levels were significantly high at SC and SP stages. Taken together these results showed that the kisspeptin system in pejerrey is expressed in the three levels of the BPG axis with different expression profiles during the gonadal cycle. These findings pointed that kisspeptins have different roles in gametogenesis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oswaldo Tovar Bohórquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro S Mechaly
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Elisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Chalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis F Canosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro A Miranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Lumayno SDP, Ohga H, Selvaraj S, Nyuji M, Yamaguchi A, Matsuyama M. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of pituitary GnRH receptor in a commercial scombroid fish, chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 247:143-151. [PMID: 28153577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is essential during pubertal onset, for its regulation of the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins. Its action is mediated by GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) in the pituitary gonadotrophs. Our previous study demonstrated that the chub mackerel brain expresses three GnRH forms (gnrh1, gnrh2, and gnrh3), and that only GnRH1 neurons innervate anterior pituitary regions. Furthermore, chub mackerel gnrh1 mRNA exhibited a significant increase at pubertal onset. The present study aimed to isolate the functional GnRHR form involved in chub mackerel puberty. The open reading frame of our cloned receptor encodes 428 amino acids and contains seven transmembrane domains. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated clustering with other teleost-type IIB GnRHRs, mainly those involved in reproduction. Reporter gene assay results showed that all four synthetic peptides (GnRH1, GnRH2, GnRH3, and GnRH analogue) bind to the cloned receptor. Three deduced GnRH ligands stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release from cultured pituitary cells in vitro. Receptor gene expression was mainly detected in the pituitary and showed an increasing trend in the developing gonadal stages of both sexes during the pubertal process; this process was synchronous with previous studies of follicle-stimulating hormone beta (fshβ) and lhβ gene expression in chub mackerel. These results suggest that the cloned receptor is likely involved in the regulation of pubertal onset in this species. Therefore, we have designated the receptor cmGnRHR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirofumi Ohga
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Sethu Selvaraj
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Nyuji
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Jeng SR, Yueh WS, Pen YT, Lee YH, Chen GR, Dufour S, Chang CF. Neuroendocrine gene expression reveals a decrease in dopamine D2B receptor with no changes in GnRH system during prepubertal metamorphosis of silvering in wild Japanese eel. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 206:8-15. [PMID: 25125083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silvering is a prepubertal metamorphosis preparing the eel to the oceanic reproductive migration. A moderate gonad development occurs during this metamorphosis from the sedentary yellow stage to the migratory silver stage. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular aspects of various endocrine parameters of BPG axis at different ovarian developmental stages in wild yellow and silver female Japanese eels. The GSI of the sampled female eels ranged between 0.18 and 2.3%, corresponding to yellow, pre-silver and silver stages. Gonad histology showed changes from previtellogenic oocytes in yellow eels to early vitellogenic oocytes in silver eels. Both serum E2 and T concentrations significantly increased with ovarian development indicating a significant activation of steroidogenesis during silvering. In agreement with previous studies, significant increases in pituitary gonadotropin beta subunits FSH-β and LH-β transcripts were also measured by qPCR, supporting that the activation of pituitary gonadotropin expression is likely responsible for the significant ovarian development observed during silvering. We investigated for the first time the possible brain neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the activation of the pituitary gonadotropic function during silvering. By analyzing the expression of genes representative of the stimulatory GnRH control and the inhibitory dopaminergic control. The transcript levels of mGnRH and the three GnRH receptors did not change in the brain and pituitary between yellow and silver stages, suggesting that gene expression of the GnRH system is not significantly activated during silvering. The brain transcript levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, limiting enzyme of DA synthesis did not change during silvering, indicating that the DA synthesis activity was maintained. In contrast, a significant decrease in DA-D2B receptor expression in the forebrain and pituitary was observed, with no changes in DA-D2A receptor. The decrease in the pituitary expression of DA-D2BR during silvering would allow a reduced inhibitory effect of DA. We may raise the hypothesis that this regulation of D2BR gene expression is one of the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the slight activation of the pituitary gonadotropin and gonadal activity that occur at silvering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ru Jeng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Shiun Yueh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Pen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Horn Lee
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tungkang 928, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Chen
- Freshwater Aquaculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Lukang 505, Taiwan
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208 - IRD207 - UPMC - UCBN, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
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Peñaranda DS, Mazzeo I, Hildahl J, Gallego V, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Pérez L, Asturiano JF, Weltzien FA. Molecular characterization of three GnRH receptor paralogs in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla: tissue-distribution and changes in transcript abundance during artificially induced sexual development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:1-14. [PMID: 23416230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) activation stimulates synthesis and release of gonadotropins in the vertebrate pituitary and also mediates other processes both in the brain and in peripheral tissues. To better understand the differential function of multiple GnRH-R paralogs, three GnRH-R genes (gnrhr1a, 1b, and 2) were isolated and characterized in the European eel. All three gnrhr genes were expressed in the brain and pituitary of pre-pubertal eels, and also in several peripheral tissues, notably gills and kidneys. During hormonally induced sexual maturation, pituitary expression of gnrhr1a (female) and gnrhr2 (male and female) was up-regulated in parallel with gonad development. In the brain, a clear regulation during maturation was seen only for gnrhr2 in the midbrain, with highest levels recorded during early vitellogenesis. These data suggest that GnRH-R2 is the likely hypophysiotropic GnRH-R in male eel, while both GnRH-R1a and GnRH-R2 seems to play this role in female eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Peñaranda
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Hildahl J, Taranger GL, Norberg B, Haug TM, Weltzien FA. Differential regulation of GnRH ligand and receptor genes in the brain and pituitary of Atlantic cod exposed to different photoperiod. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 180:7-14. [PMID: 23123125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The onset of puberty and reproduction are tightly controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic inputs combined with genetically determined biological blueprints. Environmental inputs are then mediated by the brain-pituitary-gonad endocrine axis resulting in a unified output. In fish, one of the primary factors controlling the timing of sexual maturation is light, although how these signals are mediated in the brain and pituitary is not well understood. We therefore aimed to elucidate the molecular basis of the control of reproduction during the first spawning season in two year old female Atlantic cod. To this end, we measured GnRH and GnRH-R variant gene expression in brains and pituitaries collected from cod kept under four different photoperiod regimes: natural light (NL), continuous light (LL) and combined treatment of NL-LL and LL-NL. LL inhibited sexual development and spawning and LL-NL delayed sexual development and spawning. LL inhibited the spawning-related increase in brain GnRH3 and pituitary GnRH-R2a gene expression found under NL conditions, and the expression of these genes were delayed in concert with spawning of LL-NL cod. This study indicates that regulation of brain GnRH3 and pituitary GnRH-R2a genes likely mediates photoperiod induced changes in cod gonadal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hildahl
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Elisio M, Soria FN, Fernandino JI, Strüssmann CA, Somoza GM, Miranda LA. Extrahypophyseal expression of gonadotropin subunits in pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis and effects of high water temperatures on their expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:329-36. [PMID: 22154644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been traditionally accepted that the gonadotropins (GtHs), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are synthesized and secreted only by the pituitary. However, the presence of theses hormones in extrapituitary tissues has been demonstrated in mammals, and more recently also in fish. In this study, we cloned the cDNAs and characterized the expression of FSH-β, LH-β, and glycoprotein hormone α (GPH-α) subunits from brain and gonads of male and female pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis at different stages of gonadal maturation. In situ hybridization revealed that, in addition to their classical location in pituitary cells, the three GtH transcripts were also located in the gonads. FSH-β and GPH-α subunits were found in the cytoplasm of oogonia, previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes in ovaries. LH-β expression was detected in previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes but not in oogonia. In males, the three subunits were expressed in spermatogonia and to a lesser extent in spermatocytes. Exposure of fish to high water temperatures that impair pejerrey reproduction also induced a decrease of extrahypophyseal expression of GtH subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Elisio
- Laboratorio de Ictiofisiología y Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, (B7130IWA) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Hildahl J, Sandvik GK, Edvardsen RB, Norberg B, Haug TM, Weltzien FA. Four gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor genes in Atlantic cod are differentially expressed in the brain and pituitary during puberty. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 173:333-45. [PMID: 21704626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) are an important part of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis in vertebrates. GnRH binding to its receptors (GnRH-R) stimulates synthesis and release of gonadotropins in the pituitary. GnRH-Rs also mediate other processes in the central nervous system such as reproductive behavior and neuromodulation. As many as five GnRH-R genes have been identified in two teleost fish species, but the function and phylogenetic relationship of these receptors is not fully understood. To gain a better understanding of the functional relationship between multiple GnRH-Rs in an important aquaculture species, the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), we identified four GnRH-Rs (gmGnRH-R) by RT-PCR, followed by full-length cloning and sequencing. The deduced amino acid sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis to identify conserved functional motifs and to clarify the relationship of gmGnRH-Rs with other vertebrate GnRH-Rs. The function of GnRH-R variants was investigated by quantitative PCR gene expression analysis in the brain and pituitary of female cod during a full reproductive cycle and in various peripheral tissues in sexually mature fish. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two types of teleost GnRH-Rs: Type I including gmGnRH-R1b and Type II including gmGnRH-R2a, gmGnRH-R2b and gmGnRH-R2c. All four gmGnRH-Rs are expressed in the brain, and gmGnRH-R1b, gmGnRH-R2a and gmGnRH-R2c are expressed in the pituitary. The only GnRH-R differentially expressed in the pituitary during the reproductive cycle is gmGnRH-R2a such that its expression is significantly increased during spawning. These data suggest that gmGnRH-R2a is the most likely candidate to mediate the hypophysiotropic function of GnRH in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hildahl
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Hildahl J, Sandvik GK, Edvardsen RB, Fagernes C, Norberg B, Haug TM, Weltzien FA. Identification and gene expression analysis of three GnRH genes in female Atlantic cod during puberty provides insight into GnRH variant gene loss in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:458-67. [PMID: 21521645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key regulator of sexual development and reproduction in vertebrates. Fish have either two or three pre-pro-GnRH genes, encoding structurally distinct peptides. We identified three pre-pro-GnRH genes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, gmGnRH) using RT-PCR, RACE-PCR and BAC DNA library clone sequencing based on synteny searching. Gene identity was confirmed by sequence alignment and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The expression of these genes was measured by quantitative PCR in the brain and pituitary of female cod throughout their reproductive cycle and in peripheral tissues. All three gmGnRH genes have highly conserved deduced decapeptide sequences, but sequence and phylogenetic data for gmGnRH1 suggest that this is a pseudogene. gmGnRH1 shares low identity with all fish GnRH variants and grouped with the GnRH3 clade. Although gmGnRH1 is a putative pseudogene, it is transcribed in multiple tissues but at low levels in the brain, indicating the loss of conserved hypophysiotrophic function. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that gmGnRH2 and gmGnRH3 variants are located in variant-specific clades. Both gmGnRH2 and gmGnRH3 transcripts are most abundant in the brain, with lower expression in pituitaries and ovaries. Brain gmGnRH3 gene expression increases in spawning fish and is expressed in the pituitary during puberty. Brain gmGnRH2 transcripts are highly expressed relative to gmGnRH3 before and during spawning. Sequence and expression data suggest that gmGnRH1 is a pseudogene and that gmGnRH3 is likely the hypophysiotrophic form of GnRH in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hildahl
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Campos V, Collares T, Deschamps J, Seixas F, Okamoto M, Sampaio L, Marins L, Robaldo R. Clonagem e avaliação da expressão gênica do sbGnRH em machos juvenis e adultos de linguado, Paralichthys orbignyanus. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Este estudo buscou clonar o cDNA do sbGnRH, identificar sua expressão em diferentes tecidos do linguado, bem como avaliar possíveis diferenças no RNA mensageiro (RNAm) desse gene no cérebro de linguados machos juvenis e adultos. Por meio da RT-PCR, demonstrou-se pela primeira vez, a clonagem da região codificadora do sbGnRH contendo 297 nucleotídeos do cérebro do linguado. A expressão do sbGnRH foi detectada em vários tecidos periféricos. Foram detectados níveis mais elevados de RNAm do sbGnRH no hipotálamo dos animais adultos. Estes resultados sugerem que o sbGnRH está envolvido na puberdade do linguado.
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Selvaraj S, Kitano H, Fujinaga Y, Amano M, Takahashi A, Shimizu A, Yoneda M, Yamaguchi A, Matsuyama M. Immunological characterization and distribution of three GnRH forms in the brain and pituitary gland of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Zoolog Sci 2010; 26:828-39. [PMID: 19968470 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.26.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of three gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) forms in the brain of the chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, namely, salmon GnRH (sGnRH), chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II), and seabream GnRH (sbGnRH), was confirmed by combined high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA). Immunocytochemical localization of the three GnRH forms in the brain was Investigated by using specific antisera, to elucidate possible roles of each GnRH form in reproduction in this species, and double immunolabeling was used to localize GnRH-ir (immunoreactive) fibers Innervating the pituitary. sGnRH-ir neurons were localized in the ventral olfactory bulb and terminal nerve ganglion region. Further, sGnRH-ir fibers were found in different regions of the brain, with prominent fibers running in parallel in the preoptic area (POA) without entering the pituitary. cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies were observed only in the midbrain tegmentum region, with a wide distribution of fibers, which were dense in the midbrain tegmentum and spinal cord. SbGnRH-ir cell bodies were localized in the nucleus preopticus of the POA, with fibers in the olfactory bulb, POA, and hypothalamus. Among the three GnRH forms, only SbGnRH-ir fibers innervated the pituitary gland from the preoptic-hypothalamic region, targeting follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-producing cells in the proximal pars distalis, as demonstrated by double immunocytochemistry. The localization of the GnRH-ir system was similar in male and female fish. These results demonstrate that multiple GnRH forms exist in the brain of the chub mackerel and suggest that they serve different functions, with SbGnRH having a significant role in reproduction in stimulating FSH- and LH-producing cells, and sGnRH and cGnRH-II serving as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu Selvaraj
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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