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Sanjeewani K, Lee KJ. Dietary Riboflavin Requirement of Pacific White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei). AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:6685592. [PMID: 37143963 PMCID: PMC10154092 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6685592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the dietary riboflavin requirement and its effects on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immunity, and diet digestibility of Litopenaeus vannamei. A riboflavin-free basal diet (R0) was formulated as a control, and six other diets were prepared by adding riboflavin of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg to the basal diet (designated as R10, R20, R30, R40, R50, and R60, respectively). Quadruplicate groups of shrimp (initial average weight 0.17 ± 0.00 g) were fed the diets six times a day for 8 weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio were significantly increased by riboflavin (p < 0.05). The maximum values were observed in shrimp fed R40 diet. The highest activities of phenoloxidase, nitro blue tetrazolium, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in shrimp fed R40 diet. Lysozyme activity was significantly higher in shrimp fed R30 and R40 diets than that of shrimp fed R60 diet (p < 0.05). Intestinal villi were significantly longer in shrimp fed R50 and R60 diets compared to those of all other groups while the shortest villi were observed in R0 group (p < 0.05). Intestinal villi were clearly distinguished in shrimp fed higher levels of riboflavin compared to those of shrimp fed R0 and R10 diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein in diets were not significantly affected by riboflavin levels (p < 0.05). Whole-body proximate composition and hemolymph biochemical parameters were not significantly altered by dietary riboflavin (p < 0.05). Therefore, the results of this study indicate that riboflavin is essential to enhance growth performance, feed utilization, nonspecific immunity, and intestine morphology of shrimp. An optimal riboflavin requirement for the maximum growth of L. vannamei seems to be approximately 40.9 mg/kg diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokila Sanjeewani
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Jun Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63333, Republic of Korea
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Poudel S, Tabler GT, Lin J, Zhai W, Zhang L. Riboflavin and Bacillus subtilis effects on growth performance and
woody-breast of Ross 708 broilers with or without Eimeria spp.
challenge. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:443-461. [PMID: 35709099 PMCID: PMC9184709 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effects of the dietary supplementation of
riboflavin (as a bile salt hydrolase [BSH] inhibitor) and Bacillus
subtilis on growth performance and woody breast of male broilers
challenged with Eimeria spp. Intestinal bacteria, including
supplemented probiotics, can produce BSH enzymes that deconjugate conjugated
bile salts and reduce fat digestion. A 3 × 2 × 2 (riboflavin
× Bacillus subtilis × Eimeria
spp. challenge) factorial arrangement of treatments in randomized complete block
design was used. On d 14, birds were gavaged with 20× doses of commercial
cocci vaccine (CoccivacR-B52, Merck Animal Health, Omaha, NE).
Dietary treatment of riboflavin and B. subtilis did not affect
body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion (FCR) d 0 to 14
and overall d 0 to 41. Eimeria spp challenge reduced BWG, feed
intake (FI), and increased FCR between d 14 to 28, but increased BWG and lowered
FCR between d 28 to 35. There were no effects of the Eimeria
spp. challenge on the overall d 0 to 41 FCR and FI, but BWG was reduced.
Eimeria spp. challenge increased the abdominal fat pad
weight and slight woody breast incidences on processed birds on d 42. Dietary
inclusion of B. subtilis and riboflavin at tested levels did
not help birds to mitigate the negative impact of Eimeria spp.
challenge to enhance the growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Poudel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi
State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - George T. Tabler
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi
State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University
of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi
State University, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi
State University, MS 39762, USA
- Corresponding author: Li Zhang, Department of
Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA. Tel:
+1-662-325-3416, E-mail:
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Holton KF. Micronutrients May Be a Unique Weapon Against the Neurotoxic Triad of Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation: A Perspective. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:726457. [PMID: 34630015 PMCID: PMC8492967 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.726457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity has been implicated in many neurological disorders and is a leading cause of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the nervous system. Most of the research to date has focused on each of these conditions individually; however, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation have the ability to influence one another in a self-sustaining manner, thus functioning as a "neurotoxic triad." This perspective article re-introduces the concept of the neurotoxic triad and reviews how specific dietary micronutrients have been shown to protect against not only oxidative stress, but also excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Future dietary interventions for neurological disorders could focus on the effects on all three aspects of the neurotoxic triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Holton
- Nutritional Neuroscience Lab, Department of Health Studies, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC, United States
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Experimental and Clinical Evidence of the Effectiveness of Riboflavin on Migraines. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082612. [PMID: 34444772 PMCID: PMC8401857 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin, a water-soluble member of the B-vitamin family, plays a vital role in producing energy in mitochondria and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Migraine pathogenesis includes neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, riboflavin is increasingly being recognized for its preventive effects on migraines. However, there is no concrete evidence supporting its use because the link between riboflavin and migraines and the underlying mechanisms remains obscure. This review explored the current experimental and clinical evidence of conditions involved in migraine pathogenesis and discussed the role of riboflavin in inhibiting these conditions. Experimental research has demonstrated elevated levels of various oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines in migraines, and riboflavin’s role in reducing these marker levels. Furthermore, clinical research in migraineurs showed increased marker levels and observed riboflavin’s effectiveness in reducing migraines. These findings suggest that inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with migraine pathogenesis, and riboflavin may have neuroprotective effects through its clinically useful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress properties. Riboflavin’s safety and efficacy suggests its usefulness in migraine prophylaxis; however, insufficient evidence necessitates further study.
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Colasuonno F, Bertini E, Tartaglia M, Compagnucci C, Moreno S. Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Motor Neurons from Patients with Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1252. [PMID: 33317017 PMCID: PMC7763948 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin transporter deficiency (RTD) is a childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness and motor neuron degeneration. Since riboflavin plays key functions in biological oxidation-reduction reactions, energy metabolism pathways involving flavoproteins are affected in RTD. We recently generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from affected individuals as an in vitro model of the disease and documented mitochondrial impairment in these cells, dramatically impacting cell redox status. This work extends our study to motor neurons (MNs), i.e., the cell type most affected in patients with RTD. Altered intracellular distribution of mitochondria was detected by confocal microscopic analysis (following immunofluorescence for superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), as a dual mitochondrial and antioxidant marker), and βIII-Tubulin, as a neuronal marker. We demonstrate significantly lower SOD2 levels in RTD MNs, as compared to their healthy counterparts. Mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities were also assessed by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, we investigated the effects of combination treatment using riboflavin and N-acetylcysteine, which is a widely employed antioxidant. Overall, our findings further support the potential of patient-specific RTD models and provide evidence of mitochondrial alterations in RTD-related iPSC-derived MNs-emphasizing oxidative stress involvement in this rare disease. We also provide new clues for possible therapeutic strategies aimed at correcting mitochondrial defects, based on the use of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Colasuonno
- Department of Science, LIME, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, LIME, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy;
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Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Alterations Contribute to Energy Dysmetabolism in Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6821247. [PMID: 32855765 PMCID: PMC7443020 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6821247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin transporter deficiency (RTD) is a childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive pontobulbar palsy, sensory and motor neuron degeneration, sensorineural hearing loss, and optic atrophy. As riboflavin (RF) is the precursor of FAD and FMN, we hypothesize that both mitochondrial and peroxisomal energy metabolism pathways involving flavoproteins could be directly affected in RTD, thus impacting cellular redox status. In the present work, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from RTD patients to investigate morphofunctional features, focusing on mitochondrial and peroxisomal compartments. Using this model, we document the following RTD-associated alterations: (i) abnormal colony-forming ability and loss of cell-cell contacts, revealed by light, electron, and confocal microscopy, using tight junction marker ZO-1; (ii) mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities, involving shape, number, and intracellular distribution of the organelles, as assessed by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM); (iii) redox imbalance, with high levels of superoxide anion, as assessed by MitoSOX assay accompanied by abnormal mitochondrial polarization state, evaluated by JC-1 staining; (iv) altered immunofluorescence expression of antioxidant systems, namely, glutathione, superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, and catalase, as assessed by quantitatively evaluated confocal microscopy; and (v) peroxisomal downregulation, as demonstrated by levels and distribution of fatty acyl β-oxidation enzymes. RF supplementation results in amelioration of cell phenotype and rescue of redox status, which was associated to improved ultrastructural features of mitochondria, thus strongly supporting patient treatment with RF, to restore mitochondrial- and peroxisomal-related aspects of energy dysmetabolism and oxidative stress in RTD syndrome.
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Riboflavin in Human Health: A Review of Current Evidences. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 83:57-81. [PMID: 29477226 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin, which was initially isolated from milk. There are two coenzyme forms of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, in which riboflavin plays important roles in the enzymatic reactions. Riboflavin is found in a wide variety of animal and plant foods. Meat and dairy products are the major contributors of riboflavin dietary intake. In this chapter, the latest evidence on the relationship between riboflavin status and specific health risks will be reviewed. Also, some of the mechanisms by which riboflavin exerts its roles will be discussed. The evidence accrued suggests that riboflavin is an antioxidant nutrient which may prevent lipid peroxidation and reperfusion oxidative injury. Moreover, riboflavin deficiency may increase the risk of some cancers. Riboflavin may also exert a neuroprotective effects in some neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson disease, migraine, and multiple sclerosis) through its role in some pathways that are hypothesized to be impaired in neurological disorders such as antioxidation, myelin formation, mitochondrial function, and iron metabolism.
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Thakur K, Tomar SK, Singh AK, Mandal S, Arora S. Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3650-3660. [PMID: 27029320 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1145104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has lately been a renewed interest in Riboflavin owing to insight into its recognition as an essential component of cellular biochemistry. The knowledge of the mechanisms and regulation of intestinal absorption of riboflavin and its health implications has significantly been expanded in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the importance of riboflavin, its absorption and metabolism in health and diseased conditions, its deficiency and its association with various health diseases, and metabolic disorders. Efforts have been made to review the available information in literature on the relationship between riboflavin and various clinical abnormalities. The role of riboflavin has also been dealt in the prevention of a wide array of health diseases like migraine, anemia, cancer, hyperglycemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and oxidative stress directly or indirectly. The riboflavin deficiency has profound effect on iron absorption, metabolism of tryptophan, mitochondrial dysfunction, gastrointestinal tract, brain dysfunction, and metabolism of other vitamins as well as is associated with skin disorders. Toxicological and photosensitizing properties of riboflavin make it suitable for biological use, such as virus inactivation, excellent photosensitizer, and promising adjuvant in chemo radiotherapy in cancer treatment. A number of recent studies have indicated and highlighted the cellular processes and biological effects associated with riboflavin supplementation in metabolic diseases. Overall, a deeper understanding of these emerging roles of riboflavin intake is essential to design better therapies for future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Thakur
- a Dairy Microbiology Division , ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal , Haryana , India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Tomar
- a Dairy Microbiology Division , ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal , Haryana , India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- b Dairy Technology Division , ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal , Haryana , India
| | - Surajit Mandal
- a Dairy Microbiology Division , ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal , Haryana , India
| | - Sumit Arora
- c Dairy Chemistry Division , ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal , Haryana , India
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Alam MM, Iqbal S, Naseem I. Ameliorative effect of riboflavin on hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and DNA damage in type-2 diabetic mice: Mechanistic and therapeutic strategies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 584:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of many chronic diseases. One of the main factors involved in oxidative stress reduction is increased antioxidant potential. Some nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids are known to act as antioxidants; however, riboflavin is one of the neglected antioxidant nutrients that may have an antioxidant action independently or as a component of the glutathione redox cycle. Herein, studies that have examined the antioxidant properties of riboflavin and its effect on oxidative stress reduction are reviewed. The results of the reviewed studies confirm the antioxidant nature of riboflavin and indicate that this vitamin can protect the body against oxidative stress, especially lipid peroxidation and reperfusion oxidative injury. The mechanisms by which riboflavin protects the body against oxidative stress may be attributed to the glutathione redox cycle and also to other possible mechanisms such as the conversion of reduced riboflavin to the oxidised form.
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