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The Roles of Polysaccharides in Carp Farming: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020244. [PMID: 36670784 PMCID: PMC9854610 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carp is an important aquaculture species globally, and the production is expected to increase with the growing market demands. Despite that, disease outbreaks remain a major challenge, impeding the development of sustainable carp farming. Moreover, the application of antibiotics, a common prophylactic agent, can adversely impact public health and the environment. Therefore, polysaccharide has been recognized as a novel prophylactic agent in the health management of carp farming, as well as gaining consumers' confidence in carp farming products. In this review, the definition, sources, and main roles of polysaccharides in improving growth performance, stimulating the immune system, enhancing disease resistance, and alleviating abiotic stresses in carp farming are discussed and summarized. In addition, the use of polysaccharides in combination with other prophylactic agents to improve carp farming production is also highlighted. This review aims to highlight the roles of polysaccharides and provide valuable information on the benefits of polysaccharides in carp farming.
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Tolerance Assessment of Atractylodes macrocephala Polysaccharide in the Diet of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081581. [PMID: 36009300 PMCID: PMC9404858 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (AMP) can enhance antioxidant defense and anti-inflammation, as the tolerance levels of AMP in aquaculture is important for additive utilization. However, the tolerance dose of AMP is unknown. We assess the tolerance levels of AMP in juvenile largemouth bass (3.38 ± 0.11 g) by feeding them a 0, 400, 4000, or 8000 mg/kg AMP supplemented diet for 10 weeks. The 400 mg/kg AMP dose increased growth performance. The Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway was activated, as indicated by Keap1 and Nrf2 protein levels in the liver. Enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx), together with increased mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (sod, gpx) and decreased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA, was found in the liver, implying the antioxidant effect of AMP. Nutrient absorption was enhanced by AMP, as reflected by the increased length of intestinal villi and microvilli. However, 4000 and 8000 mg/kg AMP induced oxidant stress, as indicated by increased plasma ALT and AST content and decreased mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (sod, gpx) in the liver and intestinal tissues. Inflammatory reactions were also induced by high doses of AMP, as reflected by enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnfα, nfκb) in the liver, intestinal, and kidney tissues and inhibited levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (tgfβ, iκb). Histological analysis reveals inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage. Thus, the safe tolerance margin of AMP supplement for largemouth bass was 400–4000 mg/kg.
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Jafari N, Abdollahpour H, Karimzadeh M, Falahatkar B. A potential role of nettle (Urtica dioica) extract on growth, biochemical changes and reproductive performance of convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:133-144. [PMID: 35028771 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of methanolic extract of nettle (Urtica dioica) on growth, reproduction, biochemical and immunological parameters of female convict cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata). For this purpose, 54 fish were distributed in 3 treatments included: without supplementation (control), 0.1 g (NE0.1), and 0.5 g (NE0.5) nettle extract per kilogram feed over 56 days. The highest final weight (4.2 ± 0.1 g), weight gain (2.8 ± 0.1 g), and specific growth rate (2.0 ± 0.0% day-1) were recorded in NE0.1 group. Higher and lower feed conversion ratio were obtained in control and NE0.1 treatments, respectively. Hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices in NE0.1 treatment were significantly lower compared with control treatment. Fish fed NE0.1 showed significantly lower glucose (55.2 ± 6.5 mg g-1), cholesterol (28.4 ± 3.3 mg g-1), and triglyceride (211.5 ± 39.0 mg g-1) levels. Total protein (36.3 ± 3.4 mg g-1) and albumin (2.7 ± 0.1 mg g-1) showed a marked increase in NE0.1 treatment. Same trend was observed in C3, C4, and IgM concentrations. NE0.1 showed the highest number of eggs per female (183.7 ± 10.2), hatching rate (97 ± 0.7%), and larval survival rate at 3 days post hatch (86.3 ± 0.6%) compared with the other treatments. These findings indicated that 0.1 g methanolic extract of nettle kg feed-1 could enhance growth, improve metabolic, and immune function of convict cichlid. Moreover, this study confirmed that appropriate dose of nettle can positively promote reproductive performance which makes it as a valuable and cost-effective herb in aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Jafari
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Hamed Abdollahpour
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Milad Karimzadeh
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Bahram Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran.
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Zhao H, Cai C, Liu X, Jiao B, Chen B, Cai M, He P. Secondary Metabolites of Antarctic Fungi Antagonistic to Aquatic Pathogenic Bacteria. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:11-21. [PMID: 33817062 PMCID: PMC7874706 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar microbial derived antibiotics have potential as alternatives to traditional antibiotics in treating fish against pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, 23 strains of polar fungi were fermented to detect bacteriostatic products on three aquatic pathogenic bacteria, subsequently the active fungus was identified. It was indicated that secondary metabolites of 23 strains weredistinct; of these, the extract of strain B-7 (belonging to Bjerkandera according to molecular identification) demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity to Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC7966 by Kirby-Bauerpaper strip method. During one fermentation cycle, the pH curve of the fermentation liquor became lowest (4.0) on the 4th day and rose back to 7.6 finally after 5 days, The residual sugar curve was decreased before stablising on the 6th day. It is presumed that a large amount of alkaline secondary metabolites might have been produced during fermentation. This study focuses on antagonism between aquatic pathogenic bacteria and fermentation metabolites from Antarctic fungi for the first time, which may provide data on research of antibiotics against aquatic pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chuner Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
- Marine Biomedicine Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- Marine Biomedicine Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Binghua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- Marine Biomedicine Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Menghao Cai
- School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
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Xian HM, Che H, Qin Y, Yang F, Meng SY, Li XG, Bai YL, Wang LH. Coriolus versicolor aqueous extract ameliorates insulin resistance with PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways involved in diabetic skeletal muscle. Phytother Res 2017; 32:551-560. [PMID: 29243310 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-min Xian
- Department of Endocrinology; The Second affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
| | - Hui Che
- Department of Endocrinology; The Second affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
| | - Ying Qin
- Department of Endocrinology; The Second affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology; The Second affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
| | - Song-yan Meng
- Department of Endocrinology; The Second affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
| | - Xiao-guang Li
- Academician Workstation; Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
| | - Yun-long Bai
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
- Institute of Chronic Disease; Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
| | - Li-hong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology; The Second affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
- Institute of Chronic Disease; Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science; Harbin Heilongjiang Province 150001 China
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Zhai SW, Shi QC, Chen XH. Effects of dietary surfactin supplementation on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzymes activities and some serum biochemical parameters of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1175325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Podok P, Wang H, Xu L, Xu D, Lu L. Characterization of myeloid-specific peroxidase, keratin 8, and dual specificity phosphatase 1 as innate immune genes involved in the resistance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) to Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:531-540. [PMID: 25312688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-specific peroxidase (MPO), keratin 8 (KRT-8), and dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP-1) are believed to play essential roles in innate immunity. Through suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) analysis, we previously identified MPO, KRT-8, and DUSP-1 as the three genes that were the most significantly upregulated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) that survived Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection. Here, we have further characterized these three genes and their response to pathogen challenge. The open reading frames (ORF) of MPO, KRT-8, and DUSP-1 were cloned by RACE technique and sequenced. The full-length cDNAs of the three genes contained ORFs of 2289, 1575 and 1083 bp respectively. The polypeptides from each ORF were projected to contain 762 (MPO), 524 (KRT-8), and 360 (DUSP-1) amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three genes were most closely related to zebrafish. We found that MPO, KRT-8, and DUSP-1 were expressed at low levels in all of the tissues examined in healthy crucian carp. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis indicated that MPO, KRT-8, and DUSP-1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated within 72 h of CyHV-2 infection compared to mock infected controls. Maximum expression of MPO was detected at 24 hpi (2.71-fold, P < 0.05). While, 12 hpi (3.80-fold, P < 0.01) and 6 hpi (8.70-fold, P < 0.01) were the highest expression time points for KRT-8 and DUSP-1, respectively. In contrast, after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, the transcripts of these three genes remained unchanged or slightly down-regulated. For the fish survived from viral infection, expression levels of MPO and KRT-8 were 2.72 fold and 2.47 fold higher than those of fish died from acute infection, and similar level of DUSP-1 was observed in samples of survived fish. These data suggested MPO, KRT-8 and DUSP-1 might be involved in the antiviral, but not antibacterial innate immune response in crucian carp. These findings also support the use of MPO and KRT-8 as immunological markers for a response to viral infection in crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patarida Podok
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, PR China
| | - Liqun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, PR China.
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