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Zapata AG. The fish spleen. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109280. [PMID: 38086514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we review the structure and function of fish spleen with special emphasis on its condition in Elasmobranchs, Teleosts and Lungfish. Apart from the amount of splenic lymphoid tissue, the histological organization of the organ ensures the existence of areas involved in antigen trapping, the ellipsoids, and exhibit numerous melano-macrophages which appear isolated or forming the so-called melano-macrophage centres. An extensive discussion on the functional significance of these centres conclude that they are mere accumulations of macrophages consequence of tissue homeostasis rather than primitive germinal centres, as proposed by some authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín G Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Ardeshir RA, Rastgar S, Salati AP, Zabihi E, Movahedinia A, Feizi F. The effect of nonylphenol exposure on the stimulation of melanomacrophage centers, estrogen and testosterone level, and ERα gene expression in goldfish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 254:109270. [PMID: 35026400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study tried to measure the formation of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) in various organs of male and female goldfish exposed to nonylphenol (NP) and aimed to assess its relationship with the main sexual hormones, estrogen receptor expression, and the pigment content of the MMCs. Immature goldfish were exposed to 10-6 and 10-7 M NP for 25 days. After obtaining blood for measuring testosterone and estrogen (E2) levels, tissue samples were collected from various organs for histological studies, quantifying pigments using ImageJ software and chemical analysis, and measuring ERα gene expression. Results showed that the order of forming MMCs in various organs exposed to NP was liver > spleen > kidney, and the order of ERα gene expression was liver > testes > spleen > kidney in the male, and liver > spleen > kidney > ovaries in the female. Among the three pigments present in MMCs after exposure to the two doses of NP, melanin was more obvious (especially in the liver) and increased mostly in a dose-dependent manner in both sexes (especially in the male). Chemical analyses confirmed these results. Measurement of testosterone and E2 level in male and female goldfish showed that NP had more effect on the concentration of these hormones in male fish, indicating more endocrine-disrupting potential of NP against the male fish. Generally, the increase of melanin content of melanomacrophage centers coincided with the increase of ERα gene expression and decrease of testosterone level in goldfish after exposure to NP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Rastgar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Amir Parviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khoramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Farideh Feizi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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3
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Medina A, Magro A, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Varela JL. An autofluorescence-based survey of late follicular atresia in ovaries of a teleost fish (Thunnus thynnus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:765-772. [PMID: 33861470 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the authors examined late atretic follicles in the ovaries of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus 1758), at different times of the year using transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy. Atresia (degeneration and resorption of developing ovarian follicles) is a natural process involved in fecundity downregulation in teleosts and is substantially enhanced in stressful conditions. Early (α and β) atretic stages of yolked oocytes have a relatively short duration in seasonally reproducing species, whereas later (γ and δ) atretic follicles (LAF) persist for longer time in the ovary, serving as a sign of previous vitellogenic activity. LAF can thus be used as reliable markers of maturity during non-reproductive periods. Lipofuscin granules accumulate in the cytoplasm of LAF cells as a result of lysosomal digestion of oocyte components. Taking advantage of the well-known autofluorescent properties of lipofuscins, LAF may be identified in unstained histological sections under fluorescence microscopy using appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths. The authors explore in this study the applicability of fluorescence microscopy to provide a fast and effective method to assess late atresia in fishes. This method may be particularly useful to determine sexual maturity in individuals sampled long after the spawning season, where LAF are difficult to detect in standard histological sections. Furthermore, LAF autofluorescence provides a rapid way to quantify late atresia in fishes using image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Medina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Ana Magro
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Varela
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
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4
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Jithila PJ, Devi ARS, Prasadan PK, Abaunza P. Tetracotyle wayanadensis (Trematoda: Digenea) metacercaria - A potential parasitic castrator of the freshwater fish Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1846): A histopathological and temporal variation study in the South Western Ghats, India. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102408. [PMID: 34175473 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic castration is a phenomenon where the parasite blocks or reduces the host reproductive output. This study explored the impact of Tetracotyle wayanadensis infection on the reproductive performance of the freshwater fish Aplocheilus lineatus. Heavily infected A. lineatus showed slow and sluggish movements with reduced food intake and feeding activities. Histopathological observations of the ovary revealed severe necrosis and degeneration of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes and follicular atresia. The oogonial nests were absent; chromatin nucleolar oocytes irregularly shaped and vacuolated. Perinucleolar oocytes have a vacuolated appearance with the hypertrophied highly columnar follicular cells invading them. Vitellogenic oocytes had a shrunken appearance with folded zona radiata; yolk globules broken down into smaller granules together with vacuolar degeneration of the ooplasm. The hypertrophied highly columnar follicular cells invaded the early vitellogenic oocytes to phagocytize the degenerating material. Zona radiata was found broken and liquefaction of yolk globules was evident with advancement in follicular atresia. Seasonal variation of parasitic infection has also been studied. Metacercaria infecting the vital organs showed seasonal variation with the highest values for prevalence and abundance during monsoon and mean intensity during winter. The lowest values for these descriptors were documented during the post-monsoon period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Jithila
- Ecological Parasitology and Tropical Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad 670645, Kerala, India
| | - A R Sudha Devi
- Ecological Parasitology and Tropical Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad 670645, Kerala, India
| | - P K Prasadan
- Ecological Parasitology and Tropical Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Mananthavady Campus, Wayanad 670645, Kerala, India.
| | - P Abaunza
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), C.O. de Santander, Promontorio San Martín s/n 39004, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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5
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Natural Melanin Nanoparticle‐decorated Screen‐printed Carbon Electrode: Performance Test for Amperometric Determination of Hexavalent Chromium as Model Trace. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Tucker EK, Zurliene ME, Suski CD, Nowak RA. Gonad development and reproductive hormones of invasive silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the Illinois River. Biol Reprod 2020; 102:647-659. [PMID: 31711164 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is a major component of an animal's life history strategy. Species with plasticity in their reproductive biology are likely to be successful as an invasive species, as they can adapt their reproductive effort during various phases of a biological invasion. Silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix), an invasive cyprinid in North America, display wide variation in reproductive strategies across both their native and introduced ranges, though the specifics of silver carp reproduction in the Illinois River have not been established. We assessed reproductive status using histological and endocrinological methods in silver carp between April and October 2018, with additional histological data from August to October 2017. Here, we show that female silver carp are batch spawners with asynchronous, indeterminate oocyte recruitment, while male silver carp utilize a determinate pattern of spermatogenesis which ceases in the early summer. High plasma testosterone levels in females could be responsible for regulating oocyte development. Our results suggest that silver carp have high spawning activity in the early summer (May-June), but outside of the peak spawning period, female silver carp can maintain spawning-capable status by adjusting rates of gametogenesis and atresia in response to environmental conditions, while males regress their gonads as early as July. The results of this study are compared to reports of silver carp reproduction in other North American rivers as well as in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Tucker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Megan E Zurliene
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Mokhtar DM. Characterization of the fish ovarian stroma during the spawning season: Cytochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:566-579. [PMID: 31550509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the ovarian stroma of the fish during their spawning season become it an excellent biological model for studies on cellular and vascular elements due to the intense tissue remodeling in fish occur naturally throughout this critical period. The present study aims to investigate the cellular and vascular components of the ovarian stroma of Redbelly tilapia during the spawning season by conventional, immunohistochemical stains as well as to detect the ultrastructural characteristics for each stromal component. The histological examinations revealed a series of blood vessels with special structures, include throttle artery, glomus, spirally oriented arterioles, modified arteries, and veins as well as arteriovenous anastomosis. Various types of cells were detected in the stroma include; telocytes, rodlet cells, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, melanocytes, adipocytes, dendritic cells, and endocrine (steroidogenic, interstitial) cells. Moreover, these stromal cells showed a broad range of staining affinity against c-kit, desmin, and s100-protein. Bundles of nerve fibers were detected between the follicles. This study exposed various cellular and vascular components with distinct functions in the ovary of Redbelly tilapia during the spawning season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University, 71526, Egypt.
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Micale V, Perdichizzi A, Muglia U, Rinelli P, Cosenza A, Mita DG. Gonadal macrophage aggregates in fish: A preliminary quantitative study in red mullet. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:357-361. [PMID: 31132000 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A histological study was conducted in red mullet, Mullus barbatus, collected from two sites characterized by different anthropogenic impacts. The aim of the study was to assess sex-, size-, season- and site-related variation in gonadal macrophage aggregate (MA) size, number, and relative area. Gonadal MAs were most abundant in males than in females. The number of MA was significantly higher in males from the most impacted site in October, with larger individuals showing more MA than smaller ones. MAs were always found in ripe testes, whereas they occurred only in regressing ovaries. These preliminary findings suggest that the presence of ovarian MA in red mullet is most likely related to ovary regression after spawning, whereas the presence of testicular MA is not necessarily associated to gonad regression, and may vary with season, size, and water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Micale
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Perdichizzi
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Ugo Muglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
- National Laboratory on Endocrine Disruptors, Interuniversity Consortium Biostructures and Biosystems, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Rinelli
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cosenza
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Messina, Italy
| | - Damiano Gustavo Mita
- National Laboratory on Endocrine Disruptors, Interuniversity Consortium Biostructures and Biosystems, Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Characterisation and 3D structure of melanomacrophage centers in shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius). Tissue Cell 2019; 57:34-41. [PMID: 30947961 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) are distinct aggregations of pigment-containing cells in internal organs of fish, amphibians and reptiles. Although MMCs are commonly used as biomarkers for anthropogenic exposure in many environmental monitoring programs, a substantial knowledge on characteristics of MMCs is required prior to the assessment of MMC responses. The present study was the first to determine the 3D structure of splenic MMCs of a fish from a number of consecutive histology sections by use of the Fiji and AutoCad software. Most splenic MMCs of shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius) had spherical shape and limited variation in size (maximum diameter). We confirmed the close relationship between MMCs and blood vessels in spleen of shorthorn sculpins as 97% of investigated MMCs (60 whole MMCs over 510 μm thickness of the samples) were closely associated with splenic blood capillaries (mainly ellipsoids) at least once in a set of consecutive sections. In this paper, we describe variations in morphology, density, size, area, distribution, pigments and response to pathogens of MMC populations from different organs (spleen, kidney, liver, pancreas and gills). Additionally, we provide evidence suggesting the presence and dominance of pheomelanin in MMCs of shorthorn sculpins.
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10
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Wang LF, Rhim JW. Isolation and characterization of melanin from black garlic and sepia ink. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Chaube R, Rawat A, Inbaraj RM, Bobe J, Guiguen Y, Fostier A, Joy KP. Identification and characterization of a catechol-o-methyltransferase cDNA in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: Tissue, sex and seasonal variations, and effects of gonadotropin and 2-hydroxyestradiol-17β on mRNA expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:129-141. [PMID: 27939670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is involved in the methylation and inactivation of endogenous and xenobiotic catechol compounds, and serves as a common biochemical link in the catecholamine and catecholestrogen metabolism. Studies on cloning, sequencing and function characterization comt gene in lower vertebrates like fish are fewer. In the present study, a full-length comt cDNA of 1442bp with an open-reading frame (ORF) of 792bp, and start codon (ATG) at nucleotide 162 and stop codon (TAG) at nucleotide 953 was isolated and characterized in the stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (accession No. KT597925). The ORF codes for a protein of 263 amino acid residues, which is also validated by the catfish transcriptome data analysis. The catfish Comt shared conserved putative structural regions important for S-adenosyl methionine (AdoMet)- and catechol-binding, transmembrane regions, two glycosylation sites (N-65 and N-91) at the N-terminus and two phosphorylation sites (Ser-235 and Thr-240) at the C-terminus. The gene was expressed in all tissues examined and the expression showed significant sex dimorphic distribution with high levels in females. The transcript was abundant in the liver, brain and gonads and low in muscles. The transcripts showed significant seasonal variations in the brain and ovary, increased progressively to the peak levels in spawning phase and then declined. The brain and ovarian comt mRNA levels showed periovulatory changes after in vivo and in vitro human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatments with high fold increases at 16 and 24h in the brain and at 16h in the ovary. The catecholestrogen 2-hydroxyE2 up regulated ovarian comt expression in vitro with the highest fold increase at 16h. The mRNA and protein was localized in the follicular layer of the vitellogenic follicles and in the cytoplasm of primary follicles. The data were discussed in relation to catecholamine and catecholestrogen-mediated functions in the brain and ovary of the stinging catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaube
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - A Rawat
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - R M Inbaraj
- Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Chennai 600059, India
| | - J Bobe
- INRA LPGP UR037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Y Guiguen
- INRA LPGP UR037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - A Fostier
- INRA LPGP UR037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, India.
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Involution processes of follicular atresia and post-ovulatory complex in a characid fish ovary: a study of apoptosis and autophagy pathways. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:243-257. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Kumar R, Joy KP, Singh SM. Morpho-histology of head kidney of female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: seasonal variations in melano-macrophage centers, melanin contents and effects of lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone on melanins. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1287-306. [PMID: 26984710 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, the anterior kidney is a hemopoietic tissue which surrounds the adrenal homologues, interrenal (IR) and chromaffin tissues corresponding to the adrenal cortical and adrenal medulla of higher mammals. The IR tissue is arranged in cell cords around the posterior cardinal vein (PCV) and its tributaries and secretes corticosteroids. The chromaffin tissue is scattered singly or in nests of one or more cells around the epithelial lining of the PCV or blood capillaries within the IR tissue. They are ferric ferricyanide-positive. Leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF)-like reactivity was noticed in the lining of the epithelium of the IR cell cords and around the wall of the PCV and blood capillaries. No staining was observed in the hemopoietic cells. IL-1β- and TNF-α-like immunoreactivity was seen in certain cells in the hemopoietic tissue but not in the IR region. Macrophages were identified with mammalian macrophage-specific MAC387 antibodies and are present in the hemopoietic mass but not in the IR tissue. Pigments accumulate in the hemopoietic mass as melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) and are PAS-, Schmorl's- and Perls'-positive. The pigments contain melanin (black), hemosiderin (blue) and lipofuscin/ceroid (oxidized lipid, yellowish tan), as evident from the Perls' reaction. The MMCs were TUNEL-positive as evident from FITC fluorescence, indicating their apoptotic nature. The MMCs showed significant seasonal variation with their density increasing to the peak in the postspawning phase. Melanins were characterized spectrophotometrically for the first time in fish anterior kidney. The predominant form is pheomelanin (PM), followed by eumelanin (EM) and alkali-soluble melanin (ASM). Melanins showed significant seasonal variations with the level low in the resting phase and increasing to the peak in the postspawning phase. Under in vitro conditions, lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/mL) treatment increased significantly the levels of PM and EM levels both at 16 and at 32 h and the ASM level at 32 h. On the other hand, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (100 nM) decreased significantly the levels of EM, PM and ASM time-dependently. The results indicate that the anterior kidney is an important site of immune-endocrine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682022, India.
| | - S M Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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14
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Hao S, Hou X, Wei L, Li J, Li Z, Wang X. Extraction and Identification of the Pigment in the Adductor Muscle Scar of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142439. [PMID: 26555720 PMCID: PMC4640808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, UV (ultraviolet) and IR (infrared radiation) spectral analysis were integrated to identify the pigment in the adductor muscle scar of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The pigment was extracted from the adductor muscle scars of cleaned oyster shells that were pulverized, hydrolyzed in hot hydrochloric acid, purified with diethyl ether, and dissolved in 0.01 mL/L NaOH. The maximum absorption of the pigment in the UV absorption spectrum within the range of 190-500 nm was observed between 210-220 nm. The UV absorbance decreased with increasing wavelength which was consistent with the UV spectral absorption characteristics of melanin. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy scanning revealed characteristic absorption peaks that emerged near 3440 cm-1 and 1630 cm-1, which was consistent with infrared scanning features of eumelanin (a type of melanin). This study has demonstrated for the first time that the pigment in the adductor muscle scar of the Pacific oyster is melanin, hinting that the adductor muscle could be another organ pigmenting the mollusc shell with melanin other than mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Hao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghu Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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