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Li X, Huang T, Deng C, Fu S, Shi X. Continuous flow stimulation had no significant effect on the growth rate but was conducive to the swimming performance, spontaneous behavior, and nonspecific immune parameter of juvenile Percocypris pingi. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:925-938. [PMID: 37528753 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Flow stimulation before release into the wild may contribute to improved survivability of farmed fish. However, the effects of flow stimulation on the survival rate of fish depend on the fish species and exercise regime, such as exercise type, duration, and intensity. In this study, juvenile Percocypris pingi swam for 18 h per day for 8 weeks under different water speeds, 3 cm s-1 (control) and 1, 2, and 4 body lengths (bl) s-1 , at 20°C. Then, parameters related to the growth rate, swimming capacity, spontaneous activity, and immune function were measured. We found that (1) continuous flow stimulation had no significant influence on the growth but was conducive to the increase in the relative carcass mass; (2) continuous flow stimulation at 2 or 4 bl s-1 enhanced the aerobic swimming capacity (Ucrit ), which may be due to an increase in anaerobic exercise capacity (endurance time) rather than to changes in maximum metabolic rate and aerobic scope; (3) continuous flow stimulation at 4 bl s-1 led to a significant increase in spontaneous activity, which was mainly due to the higher percent time spent moving as compared with the controls; and (4) continuous flow stimulation at 2 bl s-1 may contribute to improving the nonspecific immune parameter (lysozyme activity) in juvenile P. pingi. Our findings suggest that continuous flow stimulation at 2 or 4 bl s-1 for 18 h per day for 56 days at 20°C before release in wild may be a suitable training regime for improving the survival rate of cultured juvenile P. pingi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tiji Huang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlin Deng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotao Shi
- Hubei International Science and Technology Coopearation Base of Fish Passage, College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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2
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Fu SJ, Dong YW, Killen SS. Aerobic scope in fishes with different lifestyles and across habitats: Trade-offs among hypoxia tolerance, swimming performance and digestion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 272:111277. [PMID: 35870773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and aerobic scope in fishes have attracted scientists' attention for several decades. While it has been suggested that aerobic scope may limit behavioral expression and tolerance to environmental stressors in fishes, the exact importance of aerobic scope in an ecological context remains poorly understood. In this review, we examine the ecological relevance of aerobic scope by reconsidering and reanalyzing the existing literature on Chinese freshwater fishes across a wide-range of habitats and lifestyles. The available evidence suggests that natural selection in fast-flowing aquatic habitats may favor species with a high aerobic scope and anaerobic capacity for locomotion, whereas in relatively slow-flowing habitats, hypoxia tolerance may be favored at the cost of reduced locomotor capacity. In addition, while physical activity can usually cause fishes from fast-flowing habitats to reach their aerobic metabolic ceiling (i.e., maximum metabolic rate), possibly due to selection pressure on locomotion, most species from slow-flowing habitats can only reach their metabolic ceiling during digestion, either alone or in combination with physical activity. Overall, we suggest that fish exhibit a continuum of metabolic types, from a 'visceral metabolic type' with a higher digestive performance to a 'locomotion metabolic type' which appears to have reduced capacity for digestion but enhanced locomotor performance. Generally, locomotor-type species can either satisfy the demands of their high swimming capacity with a high oxygen uptake capacity or sacrifice digestion while swimming. In contrast, most visceral-type species show a pronounced decrease in swimming performance while digesting, probably owing to conflicts within their aerobic scope. In conclusion, the ecological relevance of aerobic scope and the consequent effects on other physiological functions are closely related to habitat and the lifestyle of a given species. These results suggest that swimming performance, digestion and hypoxia tolerance might coevolve due to dependence on metabolic traits such as aerobic scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China.
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Oyarzún-Salazar R, Martínez D, Nualart D, Muñoz JLP, Vargas-Chacoff L. The fasted and post-prandial physiological responses of the Patagonian blennie Eleginops maclovinus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 267:111158. [PMID: 35123064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eleginops maclovinus is a native species with potential for Chilean aquaculture. Understanding the variations between the post-prandial and fasted metabolic responses can contribute to improving the aquaculture of this species. This study aimed to characterize variations in intermediate metabolism during the course of the day in the liver, serum, and gills of fed and unfed fish. For this, 72 fish were assigned to two experimental groups, "fed" and "fasted". The first group was fed "ad libitum" at 8.30, while the fasted group was not fed for 24 h. Samples were taken from both groups at 9:00, and every 2 h: 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, 17:00, and 19:00. In the fed group, food spent a long time in the gastrointestinal tract, with a large increase in stomach size and without evidence of complete emptying of the stomach at 19:00 (10.5 h post-feeding). In serum, the levels of amino acids, glucose, and triglycerides presented significant differences with peak levels at different times of day in the fed group. The cortisol in the fasted group presented a diurnal pattern with high levels during the morning and very low levels after 13:00, while in the fed group, the high cortisol variability did not allow a clear pattern to be established. In the liver, the effect of time on the enzymatic activity of the intermediary metabolism was greater compared to the effect of feeding. In the liver, enzyme activity decreased at later hours of the day, while glycogen levels increased at later hours of the day in both groups: but its levels were higher in the fed group. In gills, as well as in the liver, time had a greater effect than feeding on intermediate metabolism, since feeding only had a significant effect on the levels of hexokinase, lactate, and amino acids, suggesting an effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Meanwhile, time significantly affected the levels of Na+, K+-ATPase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, amino acids, and proteins, suggesting an effect on amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, the intermediate metabolism of E. maclovinus presents variations according to the time of day, with an increased metabolism during the morning and decreased metabolism as the day progresses, especially at the hepatic level. The gill tissue, despite not being a metabolic organ, presents feeding-dependent variations in its metabolism. Additional studies will be required to corroborate if coordinating a feeding strategy during the first hours of the day when metabolism is greater would improve the growth of E. maclovinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oyarzún-Salazar
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - D Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de organismos acuáticos, Instituto de Patología animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Chile
| | - D Nualart
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J L P Muñoz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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4
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Zhao J, Wen Y, Zhu S, Ye J, Zhu J, Ye Z, Jordan A. Solving post-prandial reduction in performance by adaptive regurgitation in a freshwater fish. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202172. [PMID: 33171081 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging animals must balance benefits of food acquisition with costs induced by a post-prandial reduction in performance. Eating to satiation can lead to a reduction in locomotor and escape performance, which increases risk should a threat subsequently arises, but limiting feeding behaviour may be maladaptive if food intake is unnecessarily reduced in the prediction of threats that do not arise. The efficacy of the trade-off between continued and interrupted feeding therefore relies on information about the future risk, which is imperfect. Here, we find that black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) can balance this trade-off using an a posteriori strategy; by eating to satiation but regurgitating already ingested food when a threat arises. While degrees of satiation (DS) equal to or greater than 60% reduce elements of escape performance (turning angle, angular velocity, distance moved, linear velocity), at 40% DS or lower, performance in these tasks approaches levels comparable to that at 0% satiation. After experiencing a chasing event, we find that fish are able to regurgitate already ingested food, thereby changing the amount of food in their gastrointestinal tract to consistent levels that maintain high escape performance. Remarkably, regurgitation results in degrees of satiation between 40 and 60% DS, regardless of whether they had previously fed to 40, 60 or 100% DS. Using this response, fish are able to maximize food intake, but regurgitate extra food to maintain escape performance when they encounter a threat. This novel strategy may be effective for continual grazers and species with imperfect information about the level of threat in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanci Wen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Songming Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyun Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangying Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Ocean Academy, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Jordan
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Konstanz, 78467, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78467, Germany
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5
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Li X, Zhang Y, Fu S. Effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in four juvenile fish species with different foraging strategies. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/9/bio051755. [PMID: 32994283 PMCID: PMC7541337 DOI: 10.1242/bio.051755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in sit-and-wait carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis), active carnivorous black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), active herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and active filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), each species was divided into a control group and a fasting group (deprived of food for 14 days). Both groups were maintained at 25°C and, at the end of the experimental period, the total movement distance (TMD), percent time spent moving (PTM), ventilation frequency (Vf), pre-exercise oxygen consumption (M(•)O2) and EPOC response of the experimental fish were measured. The TMD and PTM obtained for the control group of southern catfish were lower than those found for the control groups of the three active species. Short-term fasting resulted in decreases in the TMD and PTM of the southern catfish and black carp and increases in the TMD of grass carp and silver carp. The Vf of southern catfish was significantly higher than those of grass carp and silver carp, whereas the latter was also significantly higher than that of black carp. Short-term fasting resulted in significant increases in the Vf and decreases in the pre-exercise M(•)O2 of southern catfish and silver carp. Southern catfish and black carp exhibited lower peak post-exercise M(•)O2 and recovery rates, and relatively higher EPOC magnitudes than grass carp and silver carp. Short-term fasting exerted no significant effects on the peak post-exercise M(•)O2, but resulted in relatively higher EPOC magnitudes in the four fish species. These results suggest that (1) different fish species exhibit significantly different levels of spontaneous activity and post-exercise M(•)O2 profiles with different characteristics and that (2) short-term fasting exerts different effects on the level of spontaneous activity in four fish species with different foraging strategies. Summary: This study compares the spontaneous behavior and exhaustive exercise of four warm-water fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
| | - Yaoguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Education Ministry), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
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6
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Acute Exposure to key Aquaculture Environmental Stressors Impaired the Aerobic Metabolism of Carassius auratus gibelio. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020027. [PMID: 32050708 PMCID: PMC7168137 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carassius auratus gibelio is an omnivore favored for its flavor and is commonly used as a benthic species in traditional pond polyculture. This study investigated the effects of common aquaculture stressors, such as high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia on the aerobic metabolism of C. auratus gibelio. The results showed that the standard metabolic rate (SMR) was positively correlated with ammonia, nitrite, and pH, while the maximum metabolic rate (MMR) was negatively correlated with all four stressors. Thus, aerobic scope (AS) was reduced when C. auratus gibelio was exposed to high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia. The peak of post-prandial O2 consumption was positively correlated with nitrite, pH, and the occurrence of the peak metabolic rate post-prandial was delayed in high ammonia, high nitrite, hypoxia, and high pH conditions. These findings indicated that, in experimental conditions, exposure to these environmental stressors can influence aerobic metabolism in C. auratus gibelio. With more energy required to maintain standard metabolic rates, less will be available for growth. While the C. auratus gibelio is one of the most hypoxia tolerance species, the reduction we observed in AS caused by stressors that commonly occur in ponds and in nature will likely affect growth in ponds and fitness in nature. These data have provided insight into the optimal, fitness-maximizing thresholds for these common stressors in this species of interest.
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7
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Cruz‐Font L, Shuter BJ, Blanchfield PJ, Minns CK, Rennie MD. Life at the top: Lake ecotype influences the foraging pattern, metabolic costs and life history of an apex fish predator. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:702-716. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liset Cruz‐Font
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Brian J. Shuter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Aquatic Research and Development SectionOntario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Peterborough Ontario Canada
| | | | - C. Ken Minns
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael D. Rennie
- Lakehead University Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
- IISD Experimental Lakes Area Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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8
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Dametto FS, Fior D, Idalencio R, Rosa JGS, Fagundes M, Marqueze A, Barreto RE, Piato A, Barcellos LJG. Feeding regimen modulates zebrafish behavior. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5343. [PMID: 30090692 PMCID: PMC6080598 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that the feeding regimen modulates zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior. With regard to the time elapsed between feeding and behavioral evaluation, fish fed 3 h before behavioral evaluation in the novel tank test (NTT) showed decreased activity and a trend toward an anxiolytic reaction (increased use of the upper section of the aquarium) in comparison to fish fed 0.5, 6, 12, 24 or 48 h before testing, although differences were not statistically significant for all comparisons. Activity and use of the upper section of the aquarium did not differ significantly among the other treatments. Regarding feeding frequency, fish fed once a day showed higher anxiety-like behavior (decreased use of the upper section of the aquarium) in comparison to fish fed twice a day, but feeding four or six times per day or only every second day did not result in differences from feeding twice a day. Feeding frequency had no effect on activity level. Metabolically, fish fed once a day presented decreased levels of glucose and glycogen and increased lactate when compared to the regular feeding (fish fed twice a day), suggesting that feeding regimen may modulate carbohydrate metabolism. Mechanistically, we suggest that the metabolic changes caused by the feeding regimen may induce behavioral changes. Our results suggest that the high variability of the results among different laboratories might be related to different feeding protocols. Therefore, if issues pertaining to the feeding regimen are not considered during experiments with zebrafish, erroneous interpretations of datasets may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Dametto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Fior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Renan Idalencio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | - Michele Fagundes
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Marqueze
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Avaliação de Impactos Ambientais em Mineração, Unilasalle, Canoas, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo E Barreto
- Departmento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, CAUNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Angelo Piato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
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