Gene structure and comparative and phylogenetic analyses of Catla catla CYP1A full-length cDNA and its responsiveness to benzo(a)pyrene and copper sulphate at early developmental stages

Histopathological damage and stress- and immune-related genes' expression in the intestine of common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to copper and polyvinyl chloride microparticle

The present study aimed at assessing the singular and combined effects of water copper and polyvinyl chloride microplastic (MPVC) on intestinal copper accumulation, histopathological damage, and stress-/immune-related genes' expression in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Four groups of fish were maintained in triplicate: control (kept in clean water), Cu (exposed to 0.25 mg/L of copper), MPVC (exposed to 0.5 mg/L of MPVC), and Cu-MPVC (exposed to 0.25 mg/L of copper + 0.5 mg/L of MPVC). After 14-day exposure, the fish of Cu and Cu-MPVC treatments exhibited significantly higher intestinal copper contents, compared to the fish of control and MPVC treatments. In this regard, the Cu-MPVC fish had significantly higher copper content than the Cu fish. Exposure to copper and/or MPVC significantly upregulated the intestinal heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (cyp1a1), lysozyme (lys), defensin (def), mucin 2 (muc2), and mucin 5 (muc5) expression. The highest expression of hsp70, cyp1a1, lys, and def was related to Cu-MPVC treatment; whereas, the highest expression of muc2 and muc5 was observed in Cu and MPVC treatments. Exposure to copper and/or MPVC induced intestinal damage, which Cu-MPVC fish exhibited the highest severity. The present study revealed that exposure to copper and/or MPVC causes intestinal histopathological damage and upregulation in stress- and immune-related genes' expression. The most serious effects were observed in Cu-MPVC treatment that might be due to additive effects of copper and MPVC and/or higher copper accumulation in this treatment.

Identification, functional characterization and expression profiling of cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) gene in Labeo rohita against emamectin benzoate

The cytochrome p450 1A (CYP1A) plays vital role in detoxification of xenobiotic compounds in living organisms. In the present study, full-length CYP1A gene was sequenced from liver of Labeo rohita and mRNA expression analysis were carried out at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h (h) time points after emamectin benzoate treatment. The full-length cDNA sequence of CYP1A was 1741 bp which consist of open reading frame (ORF) of 1618 bp, 5'-untranslated region (UTR) 48 bp and 75 bp 3'-UTR respectively. ORF encodes 526 amino acids with a molecular mass a 59.05 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.74. The subcellular localization confirmed presence of the CYP1A protein was higher in plasma membrane (45.8%), followed by the mitochondrial region (13.9%) and nuclear region (9.2%). The CYP1A protein interaction was found to intermingle more with other CYP family proteins. Analysis of tissue distribution revealed that CYP1A gene was predominantly expressed in the liver compared to other tissues kidney, gills, muscle and intestine. Furthermore, present study reveals that CYP1A mRNA level in emamectin benzoate treated group @ 20 mgkg-1 body was significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared with the control. The CYP1A mRNA expression levels were found upregulating with time and highest expression levels at 24 h. Histological examination found that emamectin benzoate treated liver revealed vacuolisation, hepatocyte infiltrations, cytoplasmic degeneration of hepatocytes compared to control. Overall, present results lay a strong basis for CYP1A is important biomarker for drug detoxification in aquatic animals.