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Villalba AM, De la Llave-Propín Á, De la Fuente J, Pérez C, de Chavarri EG, Díaz MT, Cabezas A, González-Garoz R, Torrent F, Villarroel M, Bermejo-Poza R. Using underwater currents as an occupational enrichment method to improve the stress status in rainbow trout. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:463-475. [PMID: 38060080 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of occupational enrichment, specifically underwater currents, on the stress status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 540 fish were divided into three groups: control tanks without artificial currents (CO), tanks with randomly fired underwater currents (RFC), and tanks with continuous current throughout the day (CT). After 30 days, half of the fish in each group underwent a 5-day pre-slaughter fasting (5D), while the others were fed until the day before slaughter (0D). Fish in the RFC group exhibited lower levels of plasma cortisol and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in hypothalamus and optic tract than other groups, suggesting an improved stress status. RFC group also showed higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in 5D fish and higher liver glycogen stores, suggesting improved energy reserves. In comparison, the CT group had higher LDH levels, possibly due to their increased swimming activity. The CO group had significantly lower NEFA levels at 5D compared to the RFC group, suggesting lower energy reserves. The RFC fish had darker and yellow-reddish skin and liver color, suggesting an improved stress status and lower lipid reserves, respectively. Overall, although a significant stress response was not observed in fasted individuals, possibly due to the relatively short fasting period, the study suggests that providing occupational enrichment using randomly fired underwater currents for 1 month helped to improve stress status in rainbow trout, indicating that occupational enrichment during the grow-out phase can positively impact the welfare of rainbow trout during routine handling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martínez Villalba
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro De la Llave-Propín
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
- CEIGRAM-ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús De la Fuente
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet González de Chavarri
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Cabezas
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Roberto González-Garoz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Torrent
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Gestión Forestal y Ambiental, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Morris Villarroel
- CEIGRAM-ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Bermejo-Poza
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040, VeterinariaMadrid, Spain.
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2
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Fiordelmondo E, Magi GE, Friedl A, El-Matbouli M, Roncarati A, Saleh M. Effects of stress conditions on plasma parameters and gene expression in the skin mucus of farmed rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183246. [PMID: 37745213 PMCID: PMC10516540 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) before slaughtering in the last phase of farming analyzing skin mucus and plasma. Two groups of rainbow trout were considered: Group UN ("unstressed"), represented by fish randomly captured from raceways, in the last phase of a standard fattening cycle; Group S ("stressed"), collected at the end of the pre-slaughtering tank, soon after slaughtering. The fish skin mucus was swabbed from head to tail using a sterile plastic spatula and the blood was collected through an endocardial puncture. qRT-PCR was used to study the gene expression in skin mucus. The mRNA expression levels of the IL-6 and IgD genes were higher in the S than in the Group UN. The plasma analysis showed an only a decrease in the glucose plasma levels in the Group S when compared to the Group UN. The present results indicated that the procedures adopted after slaughtering only affected changes in plasma glucose and skin mucus activity in rainbow trout suggesting that management protocol was compatible with non-stressful farming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fiordelmondo
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Adina Friedl
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Glover CN, Klaczek CE, Goss GG, Saari GN. Factors Affecting the Binding of Diltiazem to Rainbow Trout Plasma: Implications for the Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:3125-3133. [PMID: 36177769 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of organic toxicants in fish plasma, and how they partition between the bound and unbound fraction once absorbed, are important metrics in models that seek to predict the risk of such contaminants in aquatic settings. Rapid equilibrium dialysis of diltiazem, an ionizable weak base and important human pharmaceutical contaminant of freshwaters, was conducted with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) plasma. The effect of fed state, fish sex, fish strain/size, and dialysis buffer pH on the binding of radiolabeled diltiazem (9 ng ml-1 ) was assessed. In fed fish, 24.6%-29.5% of diltiazem was free, unbound to plasma proteins. Although starvation of fish resulted in a decrease in plasma protein, the bound fraction of diltiazem remained relatively constant. Consequently, the protein-bound concentration of diltiazem increased with length of starvation. In general, rainbow trout strain was a significant factor affecting plasma binding, although the two strains tested also differed markedly in size. Dialysis buffer pH significantly influenced plasma binding, with a higher unbound diltiazem fraction at pH 6.8 than pH 8.0. These data indicate that empirical measures of plasma binding in fish are important for accurate risk assessment and that the physiological status of a fish is likely to impact its sensitivity to toxicants such as diltiazem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3125-3133. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantelle E Klaczek
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center, United States Geological Survey, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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Po BHK, Wood CM. Transepithelial potential remains indicative of major ion toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after 4-day pre-exposure to major salts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 246:106132. [PMID: 35286992 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Multi-Ion Toxicity (MIT) Model uses electrochemical theory to predict the transepithelial potential (TEP) across the gills as an index of major ion toxicity in freshwater animals. The goal is to determine environmental criteria that will be protective of aquatic organisms exposed to salt pollution. In recent studies, TEP disturbances above baseline (ΔTEP) during short-term exposures to major ions have been proven as indicative of their toxicity to fish, in accord with the MIT model. However, the acute 1-h exposures used in these previous studies might not be realistic relative to the 24 h or 96 h test periods used for toxicity assessment. To address this temporal inconsistency, the current study investigated both the TEP responses to serial concentrations of 10 major salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, KCl, K2SO4, KHCO3, CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, MgSO4) and plasma ion levels in juvenile rainbow trout after they had been pre-exposed to 50% of the 96h-LC50 levels of these same salts for 4 days. The pre-exposures caused no mortalities. In general, plasma ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) were well-regulated; however, pre-exposure to sulfate salts resulted in the greatest number of alterations in plasma ion levels. TEP responses remained largely similar to those of naïve trout (without salt pre-exposure). All salts caused hyperbolic concentration-dependent increases in TEP that were well-described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. In the pre-exposed trout, the variation of ∆TEP at the 96h-LC50 concentrations was only 2.2-fold, compared to nearly 28-fold variation among the molar concentrations of the various salts at the 96h-LC50s, identical to the conclusion for naïve trout. Overall, the results remove the temporal inconsistency of previous tests and remain supportive of the MIT model. In addition, the recorded alterations in certain plasma ions, baseline TEP, and Michaelis-Menten constants improve our knowledge on specific physiological responses after extended major ion exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly H K Po
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1.
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Dai Y, Shen Y, Guo J, Yang H, Chen F, Zhang W, Wu W, Xu X, Li J. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are involved of glucose metabolism adaptation during fasting and re-feeding in black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Karatas T, Onalan S, Yildirim S. Effects of prolonged fasting on levels of metabolites, oxidative stress, immune-related gene expression, histopathology, and DNA damage in the liver and muscle tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1119-1132. [PMID: 34057672 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the impacts of prolonged fasting (70 and 120 days) on the morphological, biochemical, oxidative stress responses, immune-related gene expression, histopathology, and DNA damage in rainbow trout. Final weight (FW), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and condition factor (CF) significantly decreased in both 70 and 120 days of fasting compared to the pre-fasting group (p < 0.05). Fasting led to a significant reduction in serum blood metabolites (glucose, total protein, triglyceride, T. cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)) and endogenous reserves (protein and lipid). However, plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin (IL1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF1α), and transferrin (TF) increased significantly (p < 0.05). While malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to the pre-fasting group increased in the liver and muscle tissues (70 and 120 days), glutathione (GSH) enzyme activities decreased significantly in both tissues (p < 0.05). Histopathologically, both fasting groups (70 and 120 days) when compared to the pre-fasting group led to steatosis, necrosis and degeneration in hepatocytes, inflammation and hyperemia in the liver tissue and hyaline degeneration, atrophy, and inflammation in muscle tissue. Additionally, 8-OHdG levels of the liver and muscle tissues at 120 days' fasting were more severe according to 70 days' fasting. Finally, blood, the liver, and muscle tissues may be helpful to assess the impacts of fasting and fasting stress in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Karatas
- Health Services Vocational School, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, TR-04100, Agri, Turkey.
| | - Sukru Onalan
- Department of Fish Disease, Faculty of Fisheries, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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