1
|
Sugiyama K, Kubota Y, Mochizuki O. Network Topology of Wing Veins in Hawaiian Flies Mitigates Allometric Dilemma. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:451. [PMID: 39194429 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9080451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Specific Hawaiian fruit flies have an extra crossvein (ECV) in the wing vein network which connects contiguously with another crossvein and forms a unique cruciform topology. These flies are distinguished by their large wings and their allometrically small vein diameters compared to those of typical fruit flies. Small vein diameters may increase frictional energy loss during internal blood transport, although they lead to an improvement in the wing's moment of inertia. Our hypothesis was that the ECV's presence would reduce the hydraulic resistance of the entire vein network. To investigate the hemodynamic effects of its presence, the flow rate of blood and frictional pressure loss within the vein networks was simulated by modeling them as hydraulic circuits. The results showed a 3.1% reduction in pressure loss owing to the network topology created by the presence of the ECV. This vein and its contiguous crossvein diverted part of the blood from the wing veins topologically parallel to them, reducing the pressure loss in these bypassed veins. The contiguity of the ECV to the other crossvein provided the shortest blood transfer route and lowest pressure drop between these crossveins. The results suggest that the presence of the ECV may counterbalance the heightened resistance caused by constricted veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Kujirai 2100, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kubota
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Kujirai 2100, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan
| | - Osamu Mochizuki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Kujirai 2100, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hooper ML, Scherl I, Gharib M. Bio-inspired compensatory strategies for damage to flapping robotic propulsors. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240141. [PMID: 38955227 PMCID: PMC11335061 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural swimmers and flyers can fully recover from catastrophic propulsor damage by altering stroke mechanics: some fish can lose even 76% of their propulsive surface without loss of thrust. We consider applying these principles to enable robotic flapping propulsors to autonomously repair functionality. However, direct transference of these alterations from an organism to a robotic flapping propulsor may be suboptimal owing to irrelevant evolutionary pressures. Instead, we use machine learning techniques to compare these alterations with those optimal for a robotic system. We implement an online artificial evolution with hardware-in-the-loop, performing experimental evaluations with a flexible plate. To recoup thrust, the learned strategy increased amplitude, frequency and angle of attack (AOA) amplitude, and phase-shifted AOA by approximately 110°. Only amplitude increase is reported by most fish literature. When recovering side force, we find that force direction is correlated with AOA. No clear amplitude or frequency trend is found, whereas frequency increases in most insect literature. These results suggest that how mechanical flapping propulsors most efficiently adjust to damage may not align with natural swimmers and flyers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Hooper
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - I. Scherl
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M. Gharib
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sugiyama K, Kubota Y, Mochizuki O. Circuit analogy unveiled the haemodynamic effects of the posterior cross vein in the wing vein networks. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301030. [PMID: 38564498 PMCID: PMC10986936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the wing vein network topology in fruit flies and observed that the posterior cross vein (PCV) disrupts the symmetry of the entire network. The fluidic engineering function of this vein's disposition remains unexplored although the wing vein network is known to transport blood. We examined the fluid mechanical effects of the PCV's disposition on this blood-transporting network through numerical simulations involving the removal and rearrangement of the vein, avoiding impractical physical manipulation. We characterised the geometry of each wing membrane cell, a portion of the wing membrane surrounded by a group of veins, by determining the ratio of its surface area to the contact area with the veins. We considered this ratio in association with the flow velocities of seeping water from the blood within the veins to the membrane and evaporating water from the membrane, based on the mass conservation law. We observed that the division of a membrane cell by the PCV maximises the ratio of the areas in the divided cell on the wing-tip side by virtually shifting this vein's connections in our geometric membrane model. We derived blood flow rate and pressure loss within the venous network from their geometry, using an analogy of the venous network with a circuit consisting of hydraulic resistors based on Kirchhoff and Ohm's laws. The overall pressure loss in the network decreased by 20% with the presence of the PCV functioning as a paralleled hydraulic resistor. By contrast, any other cross-vein computationally arranged on another membrane cell as the PCV's substitution did not exhibit a larger reduction in the pressure loss. Overall, our numerical analyses, leveraging geometry and a circuit analogy, highlighted the effects of the PCV's presence and position on the blood-transporting vein network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kubota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Osamu Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Genome-wide analysis identifies Homothorax and Extradenticle as regulators of insulin in Drosophila Insulin-Producing cells. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010380. [PMID: 36095003 PMCID: PMC9499297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Insulin-Producing Cells (IPCs) are the main production site of the Drosophila Insulin-like peptides or dilps which have key roles in regulating growth, development, reproduction, lifespan and metabolism. To better understand the signalling pathways and transcriptional networks that are active in the IPCs we queried publicly available transcriptome data of over 180 highly inbred fly lines for dilp expression and used dilp expression as the input for a Genome-wide association study (GWAS). This resulted in the identification of variants in 125 genes that were associated with variation in dilp expression. The function of 57 of these genes in the IPCs was tested using an RNAi-based approach. We found that IPC-specific depletion of most genes resulted in differences in expression of one or more of the dilps. We then elaborated further on one of the candidate genes with the strongest effect on dilp expression, Homothorax, a transcription factor known for its role in eye development. We found that Homothorax and its binding partner Extradenticle are involved in regulating dilp2, -3 and -5 expression and that genetic depletion of both TFs shows phenotypes associated with reduced insulin signalling. Furthermore, we provide evidence that other transcription factors involved in eye development are also functional in the IPCs. In conclusion, we showed that this expression level-based GWAS approach identified genetic regulators implicated in IPC function and dilp expression. Insulin signalling has a central and evolutionarily conserved role in many processes including growth, development, reproduction, lifespan, stress resistance and metabolic homeostasis. In the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster insulin-producing cells in the brain are the main source of three insulin-like peptides, Dilp2, -3 and -5. How the production and secretion of these three insulin-like peptides are regulated remains incompletely understood. In the current study, genome-wide association studies were used to identify 50 novel regulators of Dilp2, -3 and -5. We show that one of the top candidate regulators, Homothorax, is an important regulator of dilp2, -3 and –5 expression in the IPCs and is necessary for normal systemic insulin signalling and regulates adult size and developmental timing. We also show that the Hth interactor Extradenticle (Exd) is equally required in the adult but not in the larval IPCs. Finally, we show that most genes of the so-called retinal determination gene network are expressed in the IPCs and regulate normal dilp2 and -5 expression. Together, these results identify further regulatory levels active in the IPCs and implicate a reshuffled version of a previously identified gene regulatory network therein.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gu X, Chen W, Perry T, Batterham P, Hoffmann AA. Genomic knockout of hsp23 both decreases and increases fitness under opposing thermal extremes in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103652. [PMID: 34562590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under exposure to harmful environmental stresses, organisms exhibit a general stress response involving upregulation of the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) which is thought to be adaptive. Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are key components of this response, although shsp genes may have other essential roles in development. However, the upregulation of expression of a suite of genes under stress may not necessarily be evidence of an adaptive response to stress that involves those genes. To explore this issue, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to investigate pleiotropic effects of the hsp23 gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Transgenic flies carrying a pCFD5 plasmid containing sgRNAs were created to generate a complete knockout of the hsp23 gene. The transgenic line lacking hsp23 showed an increased hatch rate and no major fitness costs under an intermediate temperature used for culturing the flies. In addition, hsp23 knockout affected tolerance to hot and cold temperature extremes but in opposing directions; knockout flies had reduced tolerance to cold, but increased tolerance to heat. Despite this, hsp23 expression (in wild type flies) was increased under both hot and cold conditions. The hsp23 gene was required for heat hardening at the pupal stage, but not at the 1st-instar larval stage, even though the gene was upregulated in wild type controls at that life stage. The phenotypic effects of hsp23 were not compensated for by expression changes in other shsps. Our study shows that the fitness consequences of an hsp gene knockout depends on environmental conditions, with potential fitness benefits of gene loss even under conditions when the gene is normally upregulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Gu
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reis M, Siomava N, Wimmer EA, Posnien N. Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.660546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of powered flight in insects facilitated their great evolutionary success allowing them to occupy various ecological niches. Beyond this primary task, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as the generation of courtship songs and the initiation of mating in flight. These specific functions imply special adaptations of wing morphology, as well as sex-specific wing morphologies. Although wing morphology has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), a comprehensive understanding of developmental plasticity and the impact of sex on wing size and shape plasticity is missing for other Diptera. Therefore, we raised flies of the three Diptera species Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) at different environmental conditions and applied geometric morphometrics to analyze wing shape. Our data showed extensive interspecific differences in wing shape, as well as a clear sexual wing shape dimorphism in all three species. We revealed an impact of different rearing temperatures on wing shape in all three species, which was mostly explained by plasticity in wing size in D. melanogaster. Rearing densities had significant effects on allometric wing shape in D. melanogaster, while no obvious effects were observed for the other two species. Additionally, we did not find evidence for sex-specific response to different rearing conditions in D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while a male-specific impact of different rearing conditions was observed on non-allometric wing shape in M. domestica. Overall, our data strongly suggests that many aspects of wing morphology underly species-specific adaptations and we discuss potential developmental and functional implications of our results.
Collapse
|
7
|
High fat diet induced abnormalities in metabolism, growth, behavior, and circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster. Life Sci 2021; 281:119758. [PMID: 34175317 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The current lifestyle trend has made people vulnerable to diabetes and related diseases. Years of scientific research have not been able to yield a cure to the disease completely. The current study aims to investigate a link between high-fat diet mediated diabesity and circadian rhythm in the Drosophila model and inferences that might help in establishing a cure to the dreaded disease. MAIN METHODS Several experimental methods including phenotypical, histological, biochemical, molecular, and behavioral assays were used in the study to detect obesity, diabetes, and changes in the circadian clock in the fly model. KEY FINDINGS The larva and adults of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to high-fat diet (HFD) displayed excess deposition of fat as lipid droplets and micronuclei formation in the gut, fat body, and crop. Larva and adults of HFD showed behavioral defects. The higher amount of triglyceride, glucose, trehalose in the whole body of larva and adult fly confirmed obesity-induced hyperglycemia. The overexpression of insulin gene (Dilp2) and tribble (trbl) gene expression confirmed insulin resistance in HFD adults. We also observed elevated ROS level, developmental delay, altered metal level, growth defects, locomotory rhythms, sleep fragmentation, and expression of circadian genes (per, tim, and clock) in HFD larva and adults. Thus, HFD impairs the metabolism to produce obesity, insulin resistance, disruption of clock, and circadian clock related co-mordities in D. melanogaster. SIGNIFICANCE The circadian gene expression provides an innovative perspective to understand and find a new treatment for type-II diabetes and circadian anomalies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fraimout A, Jacquemart P, Villarroel B, Aponte DJ, Decamps T, Herrel A, Cornette R, Debat V. Phenotypic plasticity of Drosophila suzukii wing to developmental temperature: implications for flight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/13/jeb166868. [PMID: 29987053 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity has been proposed as a mechanism that facilitates the success of biological invasions. In order to test the hypothesis of an adaptive role for plasticity in invasions, particular attention should be paid to the relationship between the focal plastic trait, the environmental stimulus and the functional importance of the trait. The Drosophila wing is particularly amenable to experimental studies of phenotypic plasticity. Wing morphology is known for its plastic variation under different experimental temperatures, but this plasticity has rarely been investigated in a functional context of flight. Here, we investigate the effect of temperature on wing morphology and flight in the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii Although the rapid invasion of both Europe and North America was most likely facilitated by human activities, D. suzukii is also expected to disperse actively. By quantifying wing morphology and individual flight trajectories of flies raised under different temperatures, we tested whether (1) invasive populations of D. suzukii show higher phenotypic plasticity than their native counterparts, and (2) wing plasticity affects flight parameters. Developmental temperature was found to affect both wing morphology and flight parameters (in particular speed and acceleration), leaving open the possibility of an adaptive value for wing plasticity. Our results show no difference in phenotypic plasticity between invasive and native populations, rejecting a role for wing plasticity in the invasion success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fraimout
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pauline Jacquemart
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Villarroel
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France.,Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, MECADEV-UMR 7179, CNRS, MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - David J Aponte
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
| | - Thierry Decamps
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, MECADEV-UMR 7179, CNRS, MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, MECADEV-UMR 7179, CNRS, MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ecological insights from assessments of phenotypic plasticity in a Neotropical species of Drosophila. J Therm Biol 2016; 62:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Marcellini S, González F, Sarrazin AF, Pabón-Mora N, Benítez M, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Rezende GL, Maldonado E, Schneider PN, Grizante MB, Da Fonseca RN, Vergara-Silva F, Suaza-Gaviria V, Zumajo-Cardona C, Zattara EE, Casasa S, Suárez-Baron H, Brown FD. Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) Research in Latin America. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:5-40. [PMID: 27491339 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Famous for its blind cavefish and Darwin's finches, Latin America is home to some of the richest biodiversity hotspots of our planet. The Latin American fauna and flora inspired and captivated naturalists from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including such notable pioneers such as Fritz Müller, Florentino Ameghino, and Léon Croizat who made a significant contribution to the study of embryology and evolutionary thinking. But, what are the historical and present contributions of the Latin American scientific community to Evo-Devo? Here, we provide the first comprehensive overview of the Evo-Devo laboratories based in Latin America and describe current lines of research based on endemic species, focusing on body plans and patterning, systematics, physiology, computational modeling approaches, ecology, and domestication. Literature searches reveal that Evo-Devo in Latin America is still in its early days; while showing encouraging indicators of productivity, it has not stabilized yet, because it relies on few and sparsely distributed laboratories. Coping with the rapid changes in national scientific policies and contributing to solve social and health issues specific to each region are among the main challenges faced by Latin American researchers. The 2015 inaugural meeting of the Pan-American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology played a pivotal role in bringing together Latin American researchers eager to initiate and consolidate regional and worldwide collaborative networks. Such networks will undoubtedly advance research on the extremely high genetic and phenotypic biodiversity of Latin America, bound to be an almost infinite source of amazement and fascinating findings for the Evo-Devo community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Marcellini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Evolución, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Favio González
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andres F Sarrazin
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alma Piñeyro-Nelson
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gustavo L Rezende
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, CBB, LQFPP, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Lab, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Nunes Da Fonseca
- Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macae, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sofia Casasa
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Federico D Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|