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Gokhman VE, Kuznetsova VG. Structure and Evolution of Ribosomal Genes of Insect Chromosomes. INSECTS 2024; 15:593. [PMID: 39194798 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Currently, clusters of 45S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have been studied in about 1000 and 100 species of the class Insecta, respectively. Although the number of insect species with known 45S rDNA clusters (also referred to as nucleolus-organizing regions, or NORs) constitutes less than 0.1 percent of the described members of this enormous group, certain conclusions can already be drawn. Since haploid karyotypes with single 45S and 5S rDNA clusters predominate in both basal and derived insect groups, this character state is apparently ancestral for the class Insecta in general. Nevertheless, the number, chromosomal location, and other characteristics of both 45S and 5S rDNA sites substantially vary across different species, and sometimes even within the same species. There are several main factors and molecular mechanisms that either maintain these parameters or alter them on the short-term and/or long-term scale. Chromosome structure (i.e., monocentric vs. holokinetic chromosomes), excessive numbers of rRNA gene copies per cluster, interactions with transposable elements, pseudogenization, and meiotic recombination are perhaps the most important among them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina G Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Damasceno MTDS, Teixeira GA, Ferreira PC, Lod RB, Barros LAC, de Aguiar HJAC. Physical chromosomal mapping of major ribosomal genes in 15 ant species with a review of hypotheses regarding evolution of the number and position of NORs in ants. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2024; 18:105-122. [PMID: 38966326 PMCID: PMC11222723 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.18.125235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Recently, hypotheses regarding the evolutionary patterns of ribosomal genes in ant chromosomes have been under discussion. One of these hypotheses proposes a relationship between chromosomal location and the number of rDNA sites, suggesting that terminal locations facilitate the dispersion of rDNA clusters through ectopic recombination during meiosis, while intrachromosomal locations restrict them to a single chromosome pair. Another hypothesis suggests that the multiplication of rDNA sites could be associated with an increase in the chromosome number in Hymenoptera due to chromosomal fissions. In this study, we physically mapped rDNA sites in 15 new ant species and also reviewed data on rDNA available since the revision by Teixeira et al. (2021a). Our objectives were to investigate whether the new data confirm the relationship between chromosomal location and the number of rDNA sites, and whether the increase in the chromosome number is significant in the dispersion of rDNA clusters in ant karyotypes. Combining our new data with all information on ant cytogenetics published after 2021, 40 new species and nine new genera were assembled. Most species exhibited intrachromosomal rDNA sites on a single chromosome pair, while three species showed these genes in terminal regions of multiple chromosome pairs. On one hand, the hypothesis that the chromosomal location of rDNA clusters may facilitate the dispersion of rDNA sites in the ant genome, as previously discussed, was strengthened, but, on the other hand, the hypothesis of chromosomal fission as the main mechanism for dispersion of ribosomal genes in ants is likely to be refuted. Furthermore, in certain genera, the location of rDNA sites remained similar among the species studied, whereas in others, the distribution of these genes showed significant variation between species, suggesting a more dynamic chromosomal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Telcia dos Santos Damasceno
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Binacional – Oiapoque, n°3051, Bairro Universidade, Oiapoque, Amapá, 68980-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáOiapoqueBrazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Marco Zero do Equador, Macapá, Amapá, 68.903-419, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáMacapáBrazil
| | - Gisele Amaro Teixeira
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Binacional – Oiapoque, n°3051, Bairro Universidade, Oiapoque, Amapá, 68980-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáOiapoqueBrazil
| | - Paulo Castro Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Binacional – Oiapoque, n°3051, Bairro Universidade, Oiapoque, Amapá, 68980-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáOiapoqueBrazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Marco Zero do Equador, Macapá, Amapá, 68.903-419, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáMacapáBrazil
| | - Rodrigo Batista Lod
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Binacional – Oiapoque, n°3051, Bairro Universidade, Oiapoque, Amapá, 68980-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáOiapoqueBrazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Marco Zero do Equador, Macapá, Amapá, 68.903-419, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáMacapáBrazil
| | - Luísa Antônia Campos Barros
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Binacional – Oiapoque, n°3051, Bairro Universidade, Oiapoque, Amapá, 68980-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáOiapoqueBrazil
| | - Hilton Jeferson Alves Cardoso de Aguiar
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Binacional – Oiapoque, n°3051, Bairro Universidade, Oiapoque, Amapá, 68980-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáOiapoqueBrazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Campus Marco Zero do Equador, Macapá, Amapá, 68.903-419, BrazilUniversidade Federal do AmapáMacapáBrazil
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de Andrade ARM, Cardoso DC, Cristiano MP. Assessing ploidy levels and karyotype structure of the fire ant Solenopsissaevissima Smith, 1855 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2023; 17:59-73. [PMID: 38059050 PMCID: PMC10696605 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The family Formicidae is composed of ants that organize themselves into castes in which every individual has a joint organizational function. Solenopsis Westwood, 1840 is an ant genus with opportunistic and aggressive characteristics, known for being invasive species and stings that cause burning in humans. This genus is particularly difficult to classify and identify since its morphology provides few indications for species differentiation. For this, a tool that has been useful for evolutionary and taxonomic studies is cytogenetics. Here, we cytogenetically studied Solenopsissaevissima Smith, 1855 from Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We evaluated the occurrence of polyploid cells in individuals and colonies by conventional cytogenetics. A total of 450 metaphases were analyzed and counted. Chromosome counts of individuals and colonies showed varied numbers of ploidies, from n = 16 to 8n = 128. The karyomorphometrical approach allowed determination of the following karyotypes: n = 10 m + 4 sm + 2 st, 2n = 20 m + 8 sm + 4 st, and 4n = 40 m + 16 sm + 8 st. Polyploidy can be found naturally in individuals and colonies and may represent an adaptative trait related to widespread distribution and invasion ability of new habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Ribeiro Macedo de Andrade
- Genetics and Evolution of Ants Research Group, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG – 35400-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Ouro PretoOuro PretoBrazil
| | - Danon Clemes Cardoso
- Genetics and Evolution of Ants Research Group, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG – 35400-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Ouro PretoOuro PretoBrazil
| | - Maykon Passos Cristiano
- Genetics and Evolution of Ants Research Group, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG – 35400-000, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Ouro PretoOuro PretoBrazil
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