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Drzewicka K, Zasłona Z. Metabolism-driven glycosylation represents therapeutic opportunities in interstitial lung diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328781. [PMID: 38550597 PMCID: PMC10973144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are coupled with alteration in protein glycosylation. In this review, we will focus on macrophages that are pivotal in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis and thanks to their adaptable metabolism are an attractive therapeutic target. Examples presented in this review demonstrate that protein glycosylation regulates metabolism-driven immune responses in macrophages, with implications for fibrotic processes and granuloma formation. Targeting proteins that regulate glycosylation, such as fucosyltransferases, neuraminidase 1 and chitinase 1 could effectively block immunometabolic changes driving inflammation and fibrosis, providing novel avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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2
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AbuSamra DB, Martínez-Carrasco R, Argüeso P. Galectins Differentially Regulate the Surface Glycosylation of Human Monocytes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1168. [PMID: 36139007 PMCID: PMC9496102 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are circulating blood cells that rapidly mobilize to inflamed sites where they serve diverse effector functions shaped in part by microenvironmental cues. The establishment of specific glycosylation patterns on the immune cell glycocalyx is fundamental to direct the inflammatory response, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms whereby the microenvironment controls this process. Here, we report that galectins differentially participate in remodeling the surface glycosylation of human primary CD14+CD16- monocytes under proinflammatory conditions. Using a lectin array on biotinylated protein, we found that the prototypic galectin-1 negatively influenced the expression of galactose epitopes on the surface of monocytic cells. On the other hand, the tandem-repeat galectin-8 and, to a certain extent, the chimeric galectin-3 promoted the expression of these residues. Jacalin flow cytometry and pull-down experiments further demonstrated that galectin-8 causes a profound upregulation of mucin-type O-glycosylation in cell surface proteins from primary monocytes and THP-1 cells. Overall, these results highlight the emerging role of the galectin signature on inflamed tissues and provide new insights into the contribution of extracellular galectins to the composition of the glycocalyx in human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Argüeso
- Tufts Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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3
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Cummings RD. The mannose receptor ligands and the macrophage glycome. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102394. [PMID: 35617912 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A unique glycan-binding protein expressed in macrophages and some types of other immune cells is the mannose receptor (MR, CD206). It is an endocytic, transmembrane protein with multiple glycan-binding domains and different specificities in binding glycans. The mannose receptor is important as it has major roles in diverse biological processes, including regulation of circulating levels of reproductive hormones, homeostasis, innate immunity, and infections. These different functions involve the recognition of a wide range of glycans, and their nature is currently under intense study. But the mannose receptor is just one of many glycan-binding proteins expressed in macrophages, leading to an interest in the potential relationship between the macrophage glycome and how it may regulate cognate glycan-binding protein activities. This review focuses primarily on the mannose receptor and its carbohydrate ligands, as well as macrophages and their glycomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Olona A, Hateley C, Muralidharan S, Wenk MR, Torta F, Behmoaras J. Sphingolipid metabolism during Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated macrophage activation. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4575-4587. [PMID: 34363204 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation in response to stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) provides a paradigm for investigating energy metabolism that regulates the inflammatory response. TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory macrophage activation is characterized by increased glycolysis and altered mitochondrial metabolism, supported by selective amino acid uptake and/or usage. Fatty acid metabolism remains as a highly complex rewiring that accompanies classical macrophage activation. TLR4 activation leads to de novo synthesis of fatty acids, which flux into sphingolipids, complex lipids that form the building blocks of eukaryotic cell membranes and regulate cell function. Here, we review the importance of TLR4-mediated de novo synthesis of membrane sphingolipids in macrophages. We first highlight fatty acid metabolism during TLR4-driven macrophage immunometabolism. We then focus on the temporal dynamics of sphingolipid biosynthesis and emphasize the modulatory role of some sphingolipid species (i.e. sphingomyelins, ceramides and glycosphingolipids) on the pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution phases of LPS/TLR4 activation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Olona
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Hateley
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Markus R Wenk
- SLING, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- SLING, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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5
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Whitmore EK, Martin D, Guvench O. Constructing 3-Dimensional Atomic-Resolution Models of Nonsulfated Glycosaminoglycans with Arbitrary Lengths Using Conformations from Molecular Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207699. [PMID: 33080973 PMCID: PMC7589010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the linear carbohydrate components of proteoglycans (PGs) and are key mediators in the bioactivity of PGs in animal tissue. GAGs are heterogeneous, conformationally complex, and polydisperse, containing up to 200 monosaccharide units. These complexities make studying GAG conformation a challenge for existing experimental and computational methods. We previously described an algorithm we developed that applies conformational parameters (i.e., all bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles) from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of nonsulfated chondroitin GAG 20-mers to construct 3-D atomic-resolution models of nonsulfated chondroitin GAGs of arbitrary length. In the current study, we applied our algorithm to other GAGs, including hyaluronan and nonsulfated forms of dermatan, keratan, and heparan and expanded our database of MD-generated GAG conformations. Here, we show that individual glycosidic linkages and monosaccharide rings in 10- and 20-mers of hyaluronan and nonsulfated dermatan, keratan, and heparan behave randomly and independently in MD simulation and, therefore, using a database of MD-generated 20-mer conformations, that our algorithm can construct conformational ensembles of 10- and 20-mers of various GAG types that accurately represent the backbone flexibility seen in MD simulations. Furthermore, our algorithm efficiently constructs conformational ensembles of GAG 200-mers that we would reasonably expect from MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Whitmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, University of New England School of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (D.M.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Devon Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, University of New England School of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (D.M.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Olgun Guvench
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, University of New England School of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (D.M.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-207-221-4171
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6
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Whitmore EK, Vesenka G, Sihler H, Guvench O. Efficient Construction of Atomic-Resolution Models of Non-Sulfated Chondroitin Glycosaminoglycan Using Molecular Dynamics Data. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040537. [PMID: 32252422 PMCID: PMC7226628 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, structurally diverse, conformationally complex carbohydrate polymers that may contain up to 200 monosaccharides. These characteristics present a challenge for studying GAG conformational thermodynamics at atomic resolution using existing experimental methods. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can overcome this challenge but are only feasible for short GAG polymers. To address this problem, we developed an algorithm that applies all conformational parameters contributing to GAG backbone flexibility (i.e., bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles) from unbiased all-atom explicit-solvent MD simulations of short GAG polymers to rapidly construct models of GAGs of arbitrary length. The algorithm was used to generate non-sulfated chondroitin 10- and 20-mer ensembles which were compared to MD-generated ensembles for internal validation. End-to-end distance distributions in constructed and MD-generated ensembles have minimal differences, suggesting that our algorithm produces conformational ensembles that mimic the backbone flexibility seen in simulation. Non-sulfated chondroitin 100- and 200-mer ensembles were constructed within a day, demonstrating the efficiency of the algorithm and reduction in time and computational cost compared to simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Whitmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Gabriel Vesenka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Hanna Sihler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Olgun Guvench
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New England College of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; (E.K.W.); (G.V.); (H.S.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-207-221-4171
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7
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Hinneburg H, Pedersen JL, Bokil NJ, Pralow A, Schirmeister F, Kawahara R, Rapp E, Saunders BM, Thaysen-Andersen M. High-resolution longitudinal N- and O-glycoprofiling of human monocyte-to-macrophage transition. Glycobiology 2020; 30:679-694. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Protein glycosylation impacts the development and function of innate immune cells. The glycophenotypes and the glycan remodelling associated with the maturation of macrophages from monocytic precursor populations remain incompletely described. Herein, label-free porous graphitised carbon–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (PGC-LC-MS/MS) was employed to profile with high resolution the N- and O-glycome associated with human monocyte-to-macrophage transition. Primary blood-derived CD14+ monocytes were differentiated ex vivo in the absence of strong anti- and proinflammatory stimuli using a conventional 7-day granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor differentiation protocol with longitudinal sampling. Morphology and protein expression monitored by light microscopy and proteomics validated the maturation process. Glycomics demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages display similar N-glycome profiles, comprising predominantly paucimannosidic (Man1-3GlcNAc2Fuc0–1, 22.1–30.8%), oligomannosidic (Man5-9GlcNAc2, 29.8–35.7%) and α2,3/6-sialylated complex-type N-glycans with variable core fucosylation (27.6–39.1%). Glycopeptide analysis validated conjugation of these glycans to human proteins, while quantitative proteomics monitored the glycoenzyme expression levels during macrophage differentiation. Significant interperson glycome variations were observed suggesting a considerable physiology-dependent or heritable heterogeneity of CD14+ monocytes. Only few N-glycome changes correlated with the monocyte-to-macrophage transition across donors including decreased core fucosylation and reduced expression of mannose-terminating (paucimannosidic-/oligomannosidic-type) N-glycans in macrophages, while lectin flow cytometry indicated that more dramatic cell surface glycan remodelling occurs during maturation. The less heterogeneous core 1-rich O-glycome showed a minor decrease in core 2-type O-glycosylation but otherwise remained unchanged with macrophage maturation. This high-resolution glycome map underpinning normal monocyte-to-macrophage transition, the most detailed to date, aids our understanding of the molecular makeup pertaining to two vital innate immune cell types and forms an important reference for future glycoimmunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Hinneburg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
| | - Jessica L Pedersen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, NSW 2007 Sydney, Australia
| | - Nilesh J Bokil
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, NSW 2007 Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Pralow
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems (Bioprocess Engineering), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Rebeca Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems (Bioprocess Engineering), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- GlyXera GmbH, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernadette M Saunders
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, NSW 2007 Sydney, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia
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8
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Vilcaes AA, Garbarino-Pico E, Torres Demichelis V, Daniotti JL. Ganglioside Synthesis by Plasma Membrane-Associated Sialyltransferase in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031063. [PMID: 32033474 PMCID: PMC7043224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are constituents of the mammalian cell membranes and participate in the inflammatory response. However, little is known about the presence and enzymatic activity of ganglioside sialyltransferases at the cell surface of macrophages, one of the most important immune cells involved in the innate inflammatory process. In the present study, using biochemical and fluorescent microscopy approaches, we found that endogenous ST8Sia-I is present at the plasma membrane (ecto-ST8Sia-I) of murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, ecto-ST8Sia-I can synthetize GD3 ganglioside at the cell surface in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages even when LPS-stimulated macrophages reduced the total ST8Sia-I expression levels. Besides, cotreatment of LPS with an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase recovered the ecto-ST8Sia-I expression, suggesting that NO production is involved in the reduction of ST8Sia-I expression. The diminution of ST8Sia-I expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages correlated with a reduction of GD3 and GM1 gangliosides and with an increment of GD1a. Taken together, the data supports the presence and activity of sialyltransferases at the plasma membrane of RAW264.7 cells. The variations of ecto-ST8Sia-I and ganglioside levels in stimulated macrophages constitutes a promissory pathway to further explore the physiological role of this and others ganglioside metabolism-related enzymes at the cell surface during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Vilcaes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.); (J.L.D.)
| | - Eduardo Garbarino-Pico
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Vanina Torres Demichelis
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.); (J.L.D.)
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9
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Roberts JT, Patel KR, Barb AW. Site-specific N-glycan Analysis of Antibody-binding Fc γ Receptors from Primary Human Monocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:362-374. [PMID: 31888963 PMCID: PMC7000114 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIIa (CD16a) and FcγRIIa (CD32a) on monocytes are essential for proper effector functions including antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP). Indeed, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind FcγRs with greater affinity exhibit greater efficacy. Furthermore, post-translational modification impacts antibody binding affinity, most notably the composition of the asparagine(N)-linked glycan at N162 of CD16a. CD16a is widely recognized as the key receptor for the monocyte response, however the post-translational modifications of CD16a from endogenous monocytes are not described. Here we isolated monocytes from individual donors and characterized the composition of CD16a and CD32a N-glycans from all modified sites. The composition of CD16a N-glycans varied by glycosylation site and donor. CD16a displayed primarily complex-type biantennary N-glycans at N162, however some individuals expressed CD16a V158 with ∼20% hybrid and oligomannose types which increased affinity for IgG1 Fc according to surface plasmon resonance binding analyses. The CD16a N45-glycans contain markedly less processing than other sites with >75% hybrid and oligomannose forms. N38 and N74 of CD16a both contain highly processed complex-type N-glycans with N-acetyllactosamine repeats and complex-type biantennary N-glycans dominate at N169. The composition of CD16a N-glycans isolated from monocytes included a higher proportion of oligomannose-type N-glycans at N45 and less sialylation plus greater branch fucosylation than we observed in a recent analysis of NK cell CD16a. The additional analysis of CD32a from monocytes revealed different features than observed for CD16a including the presence of a predominantly biantennary complex-type N-glycans with two sialic acids at both sites (N64 and N145).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Roberts
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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10
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11
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Patel KR, Roberts JT, Barb AW. Multiple Variables at the Leukocyte Cell Surface Impact Fc γ Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:223. [PMID: 30837990 PMCID: PMC6382684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc γ receptors (FcγR) expressed on the surface of human leukocytes bind clusters of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to induce a variety of responses. Many therapeutic antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies prevent or treat infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmune disorders by binding FcγRs, thus there is a need to fully define the variables that impact antibody-induced mechanisms to properly evaluate candidate therapies and design new intervention strategies. A multitude of factors influence the IgG-FcγR interaction; one well-described factor is the differential affinity of the six distinct FcγRs for the four human IgG subclasses. However, there are several other recently described factors that may prove more relevant for disease treatment. This review covers recent reports of several aspects found at the leukocyte membrane or outside the cell that contribute to the cell-based response to antibody-coated targets. One major focus is recent reports covering post-translational modification of the FcγRs, including asparagine-linked glycosylation. This review also covers the organization of FcγRs at the cell surface, and properties of the immune complex. Recent technical advances provide high-resolution measurements of these often-overlooked variables in leukocyte function and immune system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap R Patel
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jacob T Roberts
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adam W Barb
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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12
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Kaltenbach DD, Jaishankar D, Hao M, Beer JC, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30555321 PMCID: PMC6282075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinary binding site generated in heparan sulfate (HS) structures, during its biosynthesis, provides a unique opportunity to interact with multiple protein ligands including viral proteins, and therefore adds tremendous value to this master molecule. An example of such a moiety is the sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine residues in HS chain via 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzymes, which generates a unique virus-cell fusion receptor during herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Emerging evidence now suggests that the unique patterns in HS sulfation assist multiple viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycles. In addition, sulfated-HS structures are known to assist in invading host defense mechanisms and initiating multiple inflammatory processes; a critical event in the disease development. All these processes are detrimental for the host and therefore raise the question of how HS-sulfation is regulated. Epigenetic modulations have been shown to be implicated in these reactions during HSV infection as well as in HS modifying enzyme sulfotransferases, and therefore pose a critical component in answering it. Interestingly, heparanase (HPSE) activity is shown to be upregulated during virus infection and multiple other diseases assisting in virus replication to promote cell and tissue damage. These phenomena suggest that sulfotransferases and HPSE serve as key players in extracellular matrix remodeling and possibly generating unique signatures in a given disease. Therefore, identifying the epigenetic regulation of OST genes, and HPSE resulting in altered yet specific sulfation patterns in HS chain during virus infection, will be a significant a step toward developing potential diagnostic markers and designing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meng Hao
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C Beer
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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13
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Crisà A, Ferrè F, Chillemi G, Moioli B. RNA-Sequencing for profiling goat milk transcriptome in colostrum and mature milk. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:264. [PMID: 27884183 PMCID: PMC5123407 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work we aimed at sequencing and assembling the goat milk transcriptome corresponding at colostrum and 120 days of lactation. To reconstruct transcripts we used both the genome as reference, and a de novo assembly approach. Additionally, we aimed at identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two lactation stages and at analyzing the expression of genes involved in oligosaccharides metabolism. RESULTS A total of 44,635 different transcripts, organized in 33,757 tentative genes, were obtained using the goat genome as reference. A significant sequence similarity match was found for 40,353 transcripts (90%) against the NCBI NT and for 35,701 (80%) against the NR databases. 68% and 69% of the de novo assembled transcripts, in colostrum and 120 days of lactation samples respectively, have a significant match with the merged transcriptome obtained using Cufflinks/Cuffmerge. CSN2, PAEP, CSN1S2, CSN3, LALBA, TPT1, FTH1, M-SAA3, SPP1, GLYCAM1, EEF1A1, CTSD, FASN, RPS29, CSN1S1, KRT19 and CHEK1 were found between the top fifteen highly expressed genes. 418 loci were differentially expressed between lactation stages, among which 207 and 122 were significantly up- and down-regulated in colostrum, respectively. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis showed that in goat colostrum somatic cells predominate biological processes involved in glycolysis, carbohydrate metabolism, defense response, cytokine activity, regulation of cell proliferation and cell death, vasculature development, while in mature milk, biological process associated with positive regulation of lymphocyte activation and anatomical structure morphogenesis are enriched. The analysis of 144 different oligosaccharide metabolism-related genes showed that most of these (64%) were more expressed in colostrum than in mature milk, with eight expressed at very high levels (SLCA3, GMSD, NME2, SLC2A1, B4GALT1, B3GNT2, NANS, HEXB). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing goat transcriptome of two lactation stages: colostrum and 120 days. Our findings suggest putative differences of expression between stages and can be envisioned as a base for further research in the topic. Moreover because a higher expression of genes involved in immune defense response, carbohydrate metabolism and related to oligosaccharide metabolism was identified in colostrum we here corroborate the potential of goat milk as a natural source of lactose-derived oligosaccharides and for the development of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Crisà
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) - Animal production research centre, Via Salaria 31, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Ferrè
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna Alma Mater, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Applications and Innovation Department, CINECA, SCAI SuperComputing, Via dei Tizii 6, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Moioli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) - Animal production research centre, Via Salaria 31, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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14
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Delannoy CP, Rombouts Y, Groux-Degroote S, Holst S, Coddeville B, Harduin-Lepers A, Wuhrer M, Elass-Rochard E, Guérardel Y. Glycosylation Changes Triggered by the Differentiation of Monocytic THP-1 Cell Line into Macrophages. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:156-169. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément P. Delannoy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Groux-Degroote
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Stephanie Holst
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernadette Coddeville
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Elass-Rochard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité
de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
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15
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Wang D, Ozhegov E, Wang L, Zhou A, Nie H, Li Y, Sun XL. Sialylation and desialylation dynamics of monocytes upon differentiation and polarization to macrophages. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:725-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Hauser MA, Kindinger I, Laufer JM, Späte AK, Bucher D, Vanes SL, Krueger WA, Wittmann V, Legler DF. Distinct CCR7 glycosylation pattern shapes receptor signaling and endocytosis to modulate chemotactic responses. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:993-1007. [PMID: 26819318 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2vma0915-432rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and their common cognate chemokine receptor CCR7 orchestrate immune cell trafficking by eliciting distinct signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that human CCR7 is N-glycosylated on 2 specific residues in the N terminus and the third extracellular loop. Conceptually, CCR7 glycosylation adds steric hindrance to the receptor N terminus and extracellular loop 3, acting as a "swinging door" to regulate receptor sensitivity and cell migration. We found that freshly isolated human B cells, as well as expanded T cells, but not naïve T cells, express highly sialylated CCR7. Moreover, we identified that human dendritic cells imprint T cell migration toward CCR7 ligands by secreting enzymes that deglycosylate CCR7, thereby boosting CCR7 signaling on T cells, permitting enhanced T cell locomotion, while simultaneously decreasing receptor endocytosis. In addition, dendritic cells proteolytically convert immobilized CCL21 to a soluble form that is more potent in triggering chemotactic movement and does not desensitize the receptor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that soluble CCL21 functionally resembles neither the CCL19 nor the CCL21 phenotype but acts as a chemokine with unique features. Thus, we advance the concept of dendritic cell-dependent generation of micromilieus and lymph node conditioning by demonstrating a novel layer of CCR7 regulation through CCR7 sialylation. In summary, we demonstrate that leukocyte subsets express distinct patterns of CCR7 sialylation that contribute to receptor signaling and fine-tuning chemotactic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hauser
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ilona Kindinger
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Späte
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry/Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Delia Bucher
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sarah L Vanes
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Valentin Wittmann
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry/Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany;
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17
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Ferrand M, Da Rocha S, Corre G, Galy A, Boisgerault F. Serotype-specific Binding Properties and Nanoparticle Characteristics Contribute to the Immunogenicity of rAAV1 Vectors. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1022-1033. [PMID: 25881000 PMCID: PMC4817752 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenic properties of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) gene transfer vectors remain incompletely characterized in spite of their usage as gene therapy vectors or as vaccines. Molecular interactions between rAAV and various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), as well as the impact of these interactions on transgene or capsid-specific immunization remain unclear. We herein show that binding motifs recognized by the capsid and which determine the vector tissue tropism are also critical for key immune activation processes. Using rAAV capsid serotype 1 (rAAV1) vectors which primary receptors on target cells are α2,3 and α2,6 N-linked sialic acids, we show that sialic acid-dependent binding of rAAV1 on APCs is essential to trigger CD4+ T-cell responses by increasing rAAV1 uptake and contributing to antigenic presentation of both the capsid and transgene product although this involves different APCs. In addition, the nanoparticulate structure of the vector in itself appears to be sufficient to trigger mobilization and activation of some APCs. Therefore, combinations of structural and of serotype-specific cell-targeting properties of rAAV1 determine its complex immunogenicity. These findings may be useful to guide a selection of rAAV variants depending on the intended level of immunogenicity for either gene therapy or vaccination applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ferrand
- Inserm, U951, "Integrare" research unit, R&D department, Genethon, Evry, F91002 France; University of Evry, UMR_S951, Evry, F91002 France
| | - Sylvie Da Rocha
- Inserm, U951, "Integrare" research unit, R&D department, Genethon, Evry, F91002 France; University of Evry, UMR_S951, Evry, F91002 France
| | - Guillaume Corre
- Inserm, U951, "Integrare" research unit, R&D department, Genethon, Evry, F91002 France; University of Evry, UMR_S951, Evry, F91002 France
| | - Anne Galy
- Inserm, U951, "Integrare" research unit, R&D department, Genethon, Evry, F91002 France; University of Evry, UMR_S951, Evry, F91002 France.
| | - Florence Boisgerault
- Inserm, U951, "Integrare" research unit, R&D department, Genethon, Evry, F91002 France; University of Evry, UMR_S951, Evry, F91002 France.
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18
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Martinez P, Denys A, Delos M, Sikora AS, Carpentier M, Julien S, Pestel J, Allain F. Macrophage polarization alters the expression and sulfation pattern of glycosaminoglycans. Glycobiology 2014; 25:502-13. [PMID: 25504800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are major cells of inflammatory process and take part in a large number of physiological and pathological processes. According to tissue environment, they can polarize into pro-inflammatory (M1) or alternative (M2) cells. Although many evidences have hinted to a potential role of cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the functions of macrophages, the effect of M1 or M2 polarization on the biosynthesis of these polysaccharides has not been investigated so far. GAGs are composed of repeat sulfated disaccharide units. Heparan (HS) and chondroitin/dermatan sulfates (CS/DS) are the major GAGs expressed at the cell membrane. They are involved in numerous biological processes, which rely on their ability to selectively interact with a large panel of proteins. More than 20 genes encoding sulfotransferases have been implicated in HS and CS/DS biosynthesis, and the functional repertoire of HS and CS/DS has been related to the expression of these isoenzymes. In this study, we analyzed the expression of sulfotransferases as a response to macrophage polarization. We found that M1 and M2 activation drastically modified the profiles of expression of numerous HS and CS/DS sulfotransferases. This was accompanied by the expression of GAGs with distinct structural features. We then demonstrated that GAGs of M2 macrophages were efficient to present fibroblast growth factor-2 in an assay of tumor cell proliferation, thus indicating that changes in GAG structure may contribute to the functions of polarized macrophages. Altogether, our findings suggest a regulatory mechanism in which fine modifications in GAG biosynthesis may participate to the plasticity of macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Martinez
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Agnès Denys
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Maxime Delos
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Sikora
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Mathieu Carpentier
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Sylvain Julien
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Joël Pestel
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
| | - Fabrice Allain
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq F-59655, France
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19
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Ghoshal P, Rajendran M, Odo N, Ikuta T. Glycosylation inhibitors efficiently inhibit P-selectin-mediated cell adhesion to endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99363. [PMID: 24945938 PMCID: PMC4063735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules play a critical role in the adhesive interactions of multiple cell types in sickle cell disease (SCD). We previously showed that anti-P-selectin aptamer efficiently inhibits cell adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs) and permits SCD mice to survive hypoxic stress. In an effort to discover new mechanisms with which to inhibit P-selectin, we examined the role of glycosylation. P-selectin is a 90 kDa protein but was found to migrate as 90 and 140 kDa bands on gel electrophoresis. When P-selectin isolated from ECs was digested with peptide N-glycosidase F, but not O-glycosidase, the 140 kDa band was lost and the 90 kDa band was enhanced. Treatment of ECs with tunicamycin, an N-glycosylation inhibitor, suppressed CD62P (P-selectin) expression on the cell surface as well as the 140 kDa form in the cytoplasm. These results indicate that the 140 kDa band is N-glycosylated and glycosylation is critical for cell surface expression of P-selectin in ECs. Thrombin, which stimulates P-selectin expression on ECs, induced AKT phosphorylation, whereas tunicamycin inhibited AKT phosphorylation, suggesting that AKT signaling is involved in the tunicamycin-mediated inhibition of P-selectin expression. Importantly, the adhesion of sickle red blood cells (sRBCs) and leukocytes to ECs induced by thrombin or hypoxia was markedly inhibited by two structurally distinct glycosylation inhibitors; the levels of which were comparable to that of a P-selectin monoclonal antibody which most strongly inhibited cell adhesion in vivo. Knockdown studies of P-selectin using short-hairpin RNAs in ECs suppressed sRBC adhesion, indicating a legitimate role for P-selectin in sRBC adhesion. Together, these results demonstrate that P-selectin expression on ECs is regulated in part by glycosylation mechanisms and that glycosylation inhibitors efficiently reduce the adhesion of sRBCs and leukocytes to ECs. Glycosylation inhibitors may lead to a novel therapy which inhibits cell adhesion in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpankur Ghoshal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mythilypriya Rajendran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nadine Odo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tohru Ikuta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
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20
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Expression of leukocyte adhesion-related glycosyltransferase genes in acute coronary syndrome patients. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:629-36. [PMID: 24748045 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is caused by destabilization and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery via mechanisms affecting leukocyte signaling, rolling, adhesion, extravasation and inflammation-promoting factors. The majority of cellular communication takes place on the membrane surface that is covered with glycoproteins and glycolipids synthesized by glycosyltransferases. The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA expression of leukocyte adhesion-related glycosyltransferases in patients during the onset and the chronic phase of ACS and to compare the expression with matching subjects without coronary disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study included 26 ACS patients and 26 ACS-free matched-pair controls. Blood samples were collected at the time of hospital admittance and 8 days later. Expression analysis of six fucosyltransferases and six sialyltransferases was performed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS At the time of admittance ACS subjects had lower expression levels of FUT4, ST6GalNac4, ST6Gal1 and GM3 synthase (p < 0.05) than the control subjects, and moreover, after 8 days down-regulation of FUT7 and ST6GalNac3 was also observed (p < 0.05). When compared to the initial gene expression, after treatment and stabilization of ACS subjects, FUT7, ST6GalNac2 and ST6GalNac3 were down-regulated, whereas ST6GalNac1 was up-regulated. Expression levels of FUT7, ST6GalNac1, ST6GalNac2 and ST6GalNac3 were predicted by several drugs and medical history. CONCLUSION Expression of glycosyltransferase genes differs in ACS and control subjects. During the course of the ACS study we established further changes in gene expression levels. Medical history was predictive of gene expression levels while drugs were shown to modulate expression levels.
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21
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Crespo HJ, Lau JTY, Videira PA. Dendritic cells: a spot on sialic Acid. Front Immunol 2013; 4:491. [PMID: 24409183 PMCID: PMC3873530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans decorating cell surface and secreted proteins and lipids occupy the juncture where critical host–host and host-pathogen interactions occur. The role of glycan epitopes in cell–cell and cell-pathogen adhesive events is already well-established, and cell surface glycan structures change rapidly in response to stimulus and inflammatory cues. Despite the wide acceptance that glycans are centrally implicated in immunity, exactly how glycans and their changes contribute to the overall immune response remains poorly defined. Sialic acids are unique sugars that usually occupy the terminal position of the glycan chains and may be modified by external factors, such as pathogens, or upon specific physiological cellular events. At cell surface, sialic acid-modified structures form the key fundamental determinants for a number of receptors with known involvement in cellular adhesiveness and cell trafficking, such as the Selectins and the Siglec families of carbohydrate recognizing receptors. Dendritic cells (DCs) preside over the transition from innate to the adaptive immune repertoires, and no other cell has such relevant role in antigen screening, uptake, and its presentation to lymphocytes, ultimately triggering the adaptive immune response. Interestingly, sialic acid-modified structures are involved in all DC functions, such as antigen uptake, DC migration, and capacity to prime T cell responses. Sialic acid content changes along DC differentiation and activation and, while, not yet fully understood, these changes have important implications in DC functions. This review focuses on the developmental regulation of DC surface sialic acids and how manipulation of DC surface sialic acids can affect immune-critical DC functions by altering antigen endocytosis, pathogen and tumor cell recognition, cell recruitment, and capacity for T cell priming. The existing evidence points to a potential of DC surface sialylation as a therapeutic target to improve and diversify DC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio J Crespo
- CEDOC - UC Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Joseph T Y Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY , USA
| | - Paula A Videira
- CEDOC - UC Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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22
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Cabral MG, Silva Z, Ligeiro D, Seixas E, Crespo H, Carrascal MA, Silva M, Piteira AR, Paixão P, Lau JT, Videira PA. The phagocytic capacity and immunological potency of human dendritic cells is improved by α2,6-sialic acid deficiency. Immunology 2013; 138:235-45. [PMID: 23113614 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in immunity against bacteria by phagocytosis and by eliciting adaptive immune responses. Previously, we demonstrated that human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) express a high content of cell surface α2,6-sialylated glycans. However, the relative role of these sialylated structures in phagocytosis of bacteria has not been reported. Here, we show that treatment with a sialidase significantly improved the capacity of both immature and mature MDDCs to phagocytose Escherichia coli. Desialylated MDDCs had a significantly more mature phenotype, with higher expression of MHC molecules and interleukin (IL)-12, tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines, and nuclear factor-κB activation. T lymphocytes primed by desialylated MDDCs expressed more interferon-γ when compared with priming by sialylated MDDCs. Improved phagocytosis required E. coli sialic acids, indicating a mechanism of host-pathogen interaction dependent on sialic acid moieties. The DCs harvested from mice deficient in the ST6Gal.1 sialyltransferase showed improved phagocytosis capacity, demonstrating that the observed sialidase effect was a result of the removal of α2,6-sialic acid. The phagocytosis of different pathogenic E. coli isolates was also enhanced by sialidase, which suggests that modifications on MDDC sialic acids may be considered in the development of MDDC-based antibacterial therapies. Physiologically, our findings shed new light on mechanisms that modulate the function of both immature and mature MDDCs, in the context of host-bacteria interaction. Hence, with particular relevance to DC-based therapies, the engineering of α2,6-sialic acid cell surface is a novel possibility to fine tune DC phagocytosis and immunological potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Cabral
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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23
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Moita E, Gil-Izquierdo A, Sousa C, Ferreres F, Silva LR, Valentão P, Domínguez-Perles R, Baenas N, Andrade PB. Integrated analysis of COX-2 and iNOS derived inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages pre-exposed to Echium plantagineum L. bee pollen extract. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59131. [PMID: 23520554 PMCID: PMC3592834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in disease development. This study intended to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Echium plantagineum L. bee pollen to support its claimed health beneficial effects. The hydromethanol extract efficiently scavenged nitric oxide (•NO) although against superoxide (O2•−) it behaved as antioxidant at lower concentrations and as pro-oxidant at higher concentrations. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The levels of •NO and L-citrulline decreased for all extract concentrations tested, while the levels of prostaglandins, their metabolites and isoprostanes, evaluated by UPLC-MS, decreased with low extract concentrations. So, E. plantagineum bee pollen extract can exert anti-inflammatory activity by reducing •NO and prostaglandins. The extract is able to scavenge the reactive species •NO and O2•− and reduce markers of oxidative stress in cells at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Moita
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE)/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail: (AGI); (PBA)
| | - Carla Sousa
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE)/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luís R. Silva
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE)/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE)/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Nieves Baenas
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula B. Andrade
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE)/Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (AGI); (PBA)
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24
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Mercier F, Weatherby TM, Hartline DK. Meningeal-like organization of neural tissues in calanoid copepods (Crustacea). J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:760-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Wyllie DH, Søgaard KC, Holland K, Yaobo X, Bregu M, Hill AVS, Kiss-Toth E. Identification of 34 novel proinflammatory proteins in a genome-wide macrophage functional screen. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42388. [PMID: 22860121 PMCID: PMC3409161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways activated by Toll-like Receptors and the IL-1 family of cytokines are fundamental to mounting an innate immune response and thus to clearing pathogens and promoting wound healing. Whilst mechanistic understanding of the regulation of innate signalling pathways has advanced considerably in recent years, there are still a number of critical controllers to be discovered. In order to characterise novel regulators of macrophage inflammation, we have carried out an extensive, cDNA-based forward genetic screen and identified 34 novel activators, based on their ability to induce the expression of cxcl2. Many are physiologically expressed in macrophages, although the majority of genes uncovered in our screen have not previously been linked to innate immunity. We show that expression of particular activators has profound but distinct impacts on LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression, including switch-type, amplifier and sensitiser behaviours. Furthermore, the novel genes identified here interact with the canonical inflammatory signalling network via specific mechanisms, as demonstrated by the use of dominant negative forms of IL1/TLR signalling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen C. Søgaard
- Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Holland
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Xu Yaobo
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Migena Bregu
- Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Endre Kiss-Toth
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Toward automated oligosaccharide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11872-923. [PMID: 22127846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Auf dem Weg zur automatisierten Oligosaccharid- Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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The role of sugars in dendritic cell trafficking. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:777-89. [PMID: 22045510 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial components of the immune response, strategically positioned as immune sentinels. Complex trafficking and accurate positioning of DCs are indispensable for both immunity and tolerance. This is particularly evident for their therapeutic application where an unmet clinical need exists for DCs with improved migratory capacity upon adoptive transfer into patients. One critical step that directs the trafficking of DCs throughout the body is their egress from the vasculature, starting with their adhesive interactions with vascular endothelium under shear flow. Both tethering and rolling rely on interactions mediated by specific glycans attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids present on the DC surface. In DCs, surface glycosylation, including the expression of selectin ligands, changes significantly depending on the local microenvironment and the functional state of the cells. These changes have been documented and have potential implications in important cell functions such as migration. In this article, we review the glycobiological aspects in the context of DC interaction with endothelium, and offer insights on how it can be applied to modulate DC applicability in therapy.
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29
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Schlickeiser S, Stanojlovic S, Appelt C, Vogt K, Vogel S, Haase S, Ritter T, Volk HD, Pleyer U, Sawitzki B. Control of TNF-induced dendritic cell maturation by hybrid-type N-glycans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5201-11. [PMID: 21422246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The activity of α-1,2-mannosidase I is required for the conversion of high-mannose to hybrid-type (ConA reactive) and complex-type N-glycans (Phaseolus vulgaris-leukoagglutinin [PHA-L] reactive) during posttranslational protein N-glycosylation. We recently demonstrated that α-1,2-mannosidase I mRNA decreases in graft-infiltrating CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) prior to allograft rejection. Although highly expressed in immature DCs, little is known about its role in DC functions. In this study, analysis of surface complex-type N-glycan expression by lectin staining revealed the existence of PHA-L(low) and PHA-L(high) subpopulations in murine splenic conventional DCs, as well as in bone marrow-derived DC (BMDCs), whereas plasmacytoid DCs are nearly exclusively PHA-L(high). Interestingly, all PHA-L(high) DCs displayed a strongly reduced responsiveness to TNF-α-induced p38-MAPK activation compared with PHA-L(low) DCs, indicating differences in PHA-L-binding capacities between DCs with different inflammatory properties. However, p38 phosphorylation levels were increased in BMDCs overexpressing α-1,2-mannosidase I mRNA. Moreover, hybrid-type, but not complex-type, N-glycans are required for TNF-α-induced p38-MAPK activation and subsequent phenotypic maturation of BMDCs (MHC-II, CD86, CCR7 upregulation). α-1,2-mannosidase I inhibitor-treated DCs displayed diminished transendothelial migration in response to CCL19, homing to regional lymph nodes, and priming of IFN-γ-producing T cells in vivo. In contrast, the activity of α-1,2-mannosidase I is dispensable for LPS-induced signaling, as well as the DCs' general capability for phenotypic and functional maturation. Systemic application of an α-1,2-mannosidase I inhibitor was able to significantly prolong allograft survival in a murine high-responder corneal transplantation model, further highlighting the importance of N-glycan processing by α-1,2-mannosidase I for alloantigen presentation and T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schlickeiser
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Functional contributions of carbohydrate on AIDS virus glycoprotein. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 83:201-8. [PMID: 21165339 PMCID: PMC3002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Envelope glycoprotein spikes on the surface of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are used by the virus to bind to cellular receptors to gain entry into target cells. As such, the envelope spikes are the targets of antibodies that can neutralize viral infectivity. Fifty percent or more of the mass of the viral-encoded surface glycoprotein of HIV, and of its close monkey relative simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), is actually carbohydrate; it is one of the most heavily glycosylated proteins that can be found in mammals. It has been clearly demonstrated that one of the functions of this carbohydrate is to shield viral epitopes that would otherwise be the direct target of antibodies that could neutralize viral infection. In addition, it is now generally accepted that the carbohydrate on the viral envelope glycoprotein is recognized by multiple cellular lectins of the host lymphoreticular system, and these interactions play a role in the dissemination of virus within the host as well as the release of modulatory cytokines. Our work recently demonstrated fundamental differences in the composition of the carbohydrate on HIV type 1, the cause of the AIDS pandemic, versus the SIV in the sooty mangabey monkey, a natural host that does not develop disease from its infection. We now speculate that this fundamental difference in carbohydrate composition reflects evolutionary pressures on both virus and host. Furthermore, carbohydrate composition on the virus and genetic differences in carbohydrate-sensing proteins of the host could be critically important for the generalized lymphoid activation that characterizes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Simian immunodeficiency virus from the sooty mangabey and rhesus macaque is modified with O-linked carbohydrate. J Virol 2010; 85:582-95. [PMID: 20962077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01871-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although stretches of serine and threonine are sometimes sites for O-linked carbohydrate attachment, specific sequence and structural determinants for O-linked attachment remain ill defined. The gp120 envelope protein of SIVmac239 contains a serine-threonine-rich stretch of amino acids at positions 128 to 139. Here we show that lectin protein from jackfruit seed (jacalin), which binds to non- and monosialylated core 1 O-linked carbohydrate, potently inhibited the replication of SIVmac239. Selection of a jacalin-resistant SIVmac239 variant population resulted in virus with specific substitutions within amino acids 128 to 139. Cloned simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) variants with substitutions in the 128-to-139 region had infectivities equivalent to, or within 1 log unit of, that of SIVmac239 and were resistant to the inhibitory effects of jacalin. Characterization of the SIVmac239 gp120 O-linked glycome showed the presence of core 1 and core 2 O-linked carbohydrate; a 128-to-139-substituted variant gp120 from jacalin-resistant SIV lacked O-linked carbohydrate. Unlike that of SIVmac239, the replication of HIV-1 strain NL4-3 was resistant to inhibition by jacalin. Purified gp120s from four SIVmac and SIVsm strains bound jacalin strongly in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while nine different HIV-1 gp120s, two SIVcpz gp120s, and 128-to-139-substituted SIVmac239 gp120 did not bind jacalin. The ability or inability to bind jacalin thus correlated with the presence of the serine-threonine-rich stretch in the SIVmac and SIVsm gp120s and the absence of such stretches in the SIVcpz and HIV-1 gp120s. Consistent with sequence predictions, two HIV-2 gp120s bound jacalin, while one did not. These data demonstrate the presence of non- and monosialylated core 1 O-linked carbohydrate on the gp120s of SIVmac and SIVsm and the lack of these modifications on HIV-1 and SIVcpz gp120s.
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Danilov SM, Balyasnikova IV, Danilova AS, Naperova IA, Arablinskaya NE, Borisov SE, Metzger R, Franke FE, Schwartz DE, Gachok IV, Trakht IN, Kost OA, Garcia JGN. Conformational fingerprinting of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). 1. Application in sarcoidosis. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5782-93. [PMID: 20873814 DOI: 10.1021/pr100564r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fine epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to 16 epitopes on human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) revealed that the epitopes of all mAbs contained putative glycosylation sites. ACE glycosylation is both cell- and tissue-specific and, therefore, the local conformation of ACE produced by different cells could be also unique. The pattern of ACE binding by a set of mAbs to 16 epitopes of human ACE - "conformational fingerprint of ACE" - is the most sensitive marker of ACE conformation and could be cell- and tissue-specific. The recognition of ACEs by mAbs to ACE was estimated using an immune-capture enzymatic plate precipitation assay. Precipitation patterns of soluble recombinant ACE released from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-ACE cells was influenced by conditions that alter ACE glycosylation. This pattern was also strongly cell type specific. Patients with sarcoidosis exhibited conformational fingerprints of tissue ACE (lungs and lymph nodes), as well as blood ACE, which were distinct from controls. Conformational fingerprinting of ACE may detect ACE originated from the cells other than endothelial cells in the blood and when combined with elevated blood ACE levels in patients with sarcoidosis may potentially reflect extrapulmonary sarcoidosis involvement (bone marrow, spleen, liver). If proven true, this would serve as a biomarker of enormous potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei M Danilov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
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iNKT cell autoreactivity: what is 'self' and how is it recognized? Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:272-7. [PMID: 20224567 DOI: 10.1038/nri2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Following stimulation through their T cell receptor, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells function as innate effector cells by rapidly releasing large amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines and therefore have an important role in modulating the ensuing immune response. iNKT cells recognize, and are activated by, diverse glycolipid antigens, many of which are found in microorganisms. However, iNKT cells also show some reactivity to 'self'. Here, I outline our current understanding of iNKT cell autoreactivity and propose that several self lipids are probably involved in the positive selection and autoreactivity of iNKT cells.
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Cabral MG, Piteira AR, Silva Z, Ligeiro D, Brossmer R, Videira PA. Human dendritic cells contain cell surface sialyltransferase activity. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:89-96. [PMID: 20206207 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) express highly sialylated structures, with recognized but poorly understood function in maturation, immunogenicity and endocytosis capacity. We have previously shown that mo-DCs surface sialylation is changeable upon different stimuli, which led us to hypothesise the existence of cell surface (non-intracellular) sialyltransferases, rapidly restoring or altering mo-DC surface sialylation, thus modulating specific functions. Here, we demonstrate that, in the presence of exogenous CMP-Neu5Ac, mo-DCs incorporate considerable amounts of sialic acids into cell surface, predominantly when mo-DCs were previously desialylated or matured. This is a genuine sialyltransferase activity, confirmed by specific inhibition assays, which is not influenced by secreted enzymes. Functionally, the ecto-sialyltransferase activity causes a significant down-regulation of mo-DCs endocytic capacity, without affecting the maturation state. These findings suggest that ecto-sialyltransferases participate in a dynamic control of mo-DC sialylation, with functional repercussions. This activity is possibly related with specific physiological and pathological conditions, as inflammation and infection, contributing to protection and homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Cabral
- CEDOC, Departamento de Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisbon, Portugal
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