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Medeiros TB, Cosendey P, Gerin DR, de Sousa GF, Portal TM, Monteiro-de-Barros C. The effect of the sulfation patterns of dermatan and chondroitin sulfate from vertebrates and ascidians on their neuritogenic and neuroprotective properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125830. [PMID: 37454999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is caused by the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons, leading to cell death, and it is the main cause of many neurodegenerative diseases. Many molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat these diseases. They are widespread in nature and perform an important role in neuritogenesis and neuroprotection. Here we investigated the neuritogenic and neuroprotective role of Phallusia nigra dermatan sulfate (PnD2,6S) and compared it with two distinct structures of chondroitin sulfate (C6S) and dermatan sulfate (D4S). For this study, a neuro 2A murine neuroblastoma cell line was used, and a chemical lesion was induced by the pesticide rotenone (ROT). We observed that PnD2,6S + ROT had a better neuritogenic effect than either C6S + ROT or D4S + ROT at a lower concentration (0.05 μg/mL). When evaluating the mitochondrial membrane potential, PnD2,6S showed a neuroprotective effect at a concentration of 0.4 μg/mL. These data indicate different mechanisms underlying this neuronal potential, in which the sulfation pattern is important for neuritogenic activity, while for neuroprotection all DS/CS structures had similar effects. This finding leads to a better understanding the chemical structures of PnD2,6S, C6S, and D4S and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiane Barreto Medeiros
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paloma Cosendey
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diovana Ramos Gerin
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP: 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Graziele Fonseca de Sousa
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Taynan Motta Portal
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP: 28013-602, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia Monteiro-de-Barros
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM, Av. São José do Barreto, 764, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé CEP: 27910-970, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes CEP: 28013-602, RJ, Brazil.
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Du M, Wei L, Yuan M, Zou R, Xu Y, Wang X, Wang W, Li F. Enzymatic comparison of two homologous enzymes reveals N-terminal domain of chondroitinase ABC I regulates substrate selection and product generation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104692. [PMID: 37031818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitinase ABC-type I (CSase ABC I), which can digest both chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) in an endolytic manner, is an essential tool in structural and functional studies of CS/DS. Although a few CSase ABC I have been identified from bacteria, the substrate-degrading pattern and regulatory mechanisms of them have rarely been investigated. Herein, two CSase ABC I, IM3796 and IM1634, were identified from the intestinal metagenome of CS-fed mice. They show high sequence homology (query coverage: 88.00%, percent identity: 90.10%) except for an extra peptide (Met1-His109) at the N-terminus in IM1634, but their enzymatic properties are very different. IM3796 prefers to degrade 6-O-sulfated GalNAc residue-enriched CS into tetra- and disaccharides. In contrast, IM1634 exhibits nearly a thousand times more activity than IM3796, and can completely digest CS/DS with various sulfation patterns to produce disaccharides, unlike most CSase ABC I. Structure modeling showed that IM3796 did not contain an N-terminal domain composed of two β-sheets, which is found in IM1634 and other CSase ABC I. Furthermore, deletion of the N-terminal domain (Met1-His109) from IM1634 caused the enzymatic properties of the variant IM1634-T109 to be similar to those of IM3796, and conversely, grafting this domain to IM3796 increased the similarity of the variant IM3796-A109 to IM1634. In conclusion, the comparative study of the new CSase ABC I provides two unique tools for CS/DS-related studies and applications and, more importantly, reveals the critical role of the N-terminal domain in regulating the substrate binding and degradation of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Wei
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Yuan
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruyi Zou
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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Li Q, Wu X, Na X, Ge B, Wu Q, Guo X, Ntim M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yang J, Xiao Z, Zhao J, Li S. Impaired Cognitive Function and Altered Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Mice Lacking Dermatan Sulfotransferase Chst14/D4st1. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:26. [PMID: 30853887 PMCID: PMC6396735 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycans (PGs) are major extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the central nervous system (CNS). A large body of evidence has shown that CSPGs/DSPGs play critical roles in neuronal growth, axon guidance, and plasticity in the developing and mature CNS. It has been proposed that these PGs exert their function through specific interaction of CS/DS chains with its binding partners in a manner that depends on the sulfation patterns of CS/DS. It has been reported that dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Chst14/D4st1) specific for DS, but not chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Chst11/C4st1) specific for CS, regulates proliferation and neurogenesis of neural stem cells (NSCs), indicating that CS and DS play distinct roles in the self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs. However, it remains unknown whether specific sulfation profiles of DS has any effect on CNS plasticity. In the present study, Chst14/D4st1-deficient (Chst14−/−) mice was employed to investigate the involvement of DS in synaptic plasticity. First, behavior study using Morris Water Maze (MWM) showed that the spatial learning and memory of Chst14−/− mice was impaired when compared to their wild type (WT) littermates. Corroborating the behavior result, long-term potentiation (LTP) at the hippocampal CA3-CA1 connection was reduced in Chst14−/− mice compared to the WT mice. Finally, the protein levels of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), synaptophysin (SYN) and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) which are important in synaptic plasticity were examined and Chst14/D4st1 deficiency was shown to significantly reduce the expression of these proteins in the hippocampus. Further studies revealed that Akt/mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR) pathway proteins, including protein kinase B (p-Akt), p-mTOR and p-S6, were significantly lower in Chst14−/− mice, which might contribute to the decreased protein expression. Together, this study reveals that specific sulfation of DS is critical in synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus and learning and memory, which might be associated with the changes in the expression of glutamate receptors and other synaptic proteins though Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifa Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuefei Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xueyan Na
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Biying Ge
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuewen Guo
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Michael Ntim
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiping Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinyi Yang
- Department of Urology, Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Yu P, Pearson CS, Geller HM. Flexible Roles for Proteoglycan Sulfation and Receptor Signaling. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:47-61. [PMID: 29150096 PMCID: PMC5748001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) play vital roles in axon growth and navigation, plasticity, and regeneration of injured neurons. Different classes of PGs may support or inhibit cell growth, and their functions are determined in part by highly specific structural features. Among these, the pattern of sulfation on the PG sugar chains is a paramount determinant of a diverse and flexible set of outcomes. Recent studies of PG sulfation illustrate the challenges of attributing biological actions to specific sulfation patterns, and suggest ways in which highly similar molecules may exert opposing effects on neurons. The receptors for PGs, which have yet to be fully characterized, display a similarly nuanced spectrum of effects. Different classes of PG function via overlapping families of receptors and signaling pathways. This enables them to control axon growth and guidance with remarkable specificity, but it poses challenges for determining the precise binding interactions and downstream effects of different PGs and their assorted sulfated epitopes. This review examines existing and emerging evidence for the roles of PG sulfation and receptor interactions in determining how these complex molecules influence neuronal development, growth, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Craig S Pearson
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Robu AC, Popescu L, Munteanu CVA, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Orbitrap mass spectrometry characterization of hybrid chondroitin/dermatan sulfate hexasaccharide domains expressed in brain. Anal Biochem 2015; 485:122-31. [PMID: 26123275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) modulate neurotrophic effects and glial cell maturation during brain development. Previous reports revealed that GAG composition could be responsible for CS/DS activities in brain. In this work, for the structural characterization of DS- and CS-rich domains in hybrid GAG chains extracted from neural tissue, we have developed an advanced approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) using nanoelectrospray ionization Orbitrap in the negative ion mode. Our high-resolution MS and multistage MS approach was developed and applied to hexasaccharides obtained from 4- and 14-week-old mouse brains by GAG digestion with chondroitin B and in parallel with AC I lyase. The expression of DS- and CS-rich domains in the two tissues was assessed comparatively. The analyses indicated an age-related structural variability of the CS/DS motifs. The older brain was found to contain more structures and a higher sulfation of DS-rich regions, whereas the younger brain was found to be characterized by a higher sulfation of CS-rich regions. By multistage MS using collision-induced dissociation, we also demonstrated the incidence in mouse brain of an atypical [4,5-Δ-GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)2], presenting a bisulfated CS disaccharide formed by 3-O-sulfate-4,5-Δ-GlcA and 6-O-sulfate-GalNAc moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Robu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Popescu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian V A Munteanu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, RO-060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela G Seidler
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, D-49149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, RO-310130 Arad, Romania.
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Wakao M, Obata R, Miyachi K, Kaitsubata Y, Kondo T, Sakami C, Suda Y. Synthesis of a chondroitin sulfate disaccharide library and a GAG-binding protein interaction analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1407-11. [PMID: 25765912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), which belongs to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) superfamily, is a linear sulfated polysaccharide involved in various biological processes. CS structure is very heterogeneous and contains various sulfation patterns owing to the multiple and random enzymatic modifications that occur during its biosynthesis. The resultant microdomain structure in the CS chain interacts with specific biomolecules to regulate biological functions. Therefore, an analysis of the structure-activity relationship of CS at the molecular level is necessary to clarify their biofunctions. In this study, we designed the common intermediate possessing an orthogonally removable protective group and systematically synthesized all 16 types of CS disaccharide structure generated by sulfation. In addition, we demonstrated the on-time analysis of the binding properties of GAG-binding proteins using 'Sugar Chip' immobilized CS disaccharide structures by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging, indicating that our chip technology is effective for the evaluation of binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Wakao
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Rumi Obata
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kento Miyachi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kaitsubata
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takao Kondo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Chiho Sakami
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suda
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; SUDx-Biotec Corporation, 1-41-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan.
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Syntheses of chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide structures containing 4,6-disulfate patterns and analysis of their interaction with glycosaminoglycan-binding protein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1552-5. [PMID: 25752983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharide ligand conjugates, namely GlcA-GalNAc6S-GlcA-GalNAc4S6S (CS-C+E) 1, GlcA2S-GalNAc6S-GlcA2S-GalNAc4S6S (CS-D+T) 2, GlcA-GalNAc4S6S-GlcA-GalNAc4S (CS-E+A) 3, GlcA-GalNAc4S6S-GlcA-GalNAc6S (CS-E+C) 4, and GlcA-GalNAc4S6S-GlcA-GalNAc4S6S (CS-E+E) 5, were systematically synthesized using a disaccharide building block 6. Synthesized CS tetrasaccharide structures were immobilized onto gold-coated chips to prepare array-type sugar chips, and the binding properties of protein were evaluated by surface plasmon resonance imaging biosensor. CS-D+T, CS-E+A, CS-E+C, and CS-E+E showed greater affinity for basic fibroblast growth factor than did other tetrasaccharides (CS-C+D, C+E, D+D).
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Li HP, Komuta Y, Kimura-Kuroda J, van Kuppevelt TH, Kawano H. Roles of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate in the formation of a lesion scar and axonal regeneration after traumatic injury of the mouse brain. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:413-25. [PMID: 23438307 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) is synthesized from chondroitin sulfate (CS) by epimerization of glucuronic acid of CS to yield iduronic acid. In the present study, the role of CS and DS was examined in mice that received transection of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway followed by injection of glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes into the lesion site. Two weeks after injury, fibrotic and glial scars were formed around the lesion, and transected axons did not regenerate beyond the fibrotic scar. Injection of chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), which degrades both CS and DS, completely suppressed the fibrotic scar formation, reduced the glial scar, and promoted the regeneration of dopaminergic axons. Injection of the DS-degrading enzyme chondroitinase B (ChB) also yielded similar results. By contrast, injection of chondroitinase AC (ChAC), a CS-degrading enzyme, did not suppress the fibrotic and glial scar formation, but reduced CS immunoreactivity and promoted the axonal regeneration. Addition of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to a co-culture of meningeal fibroblasts and cerebral astrocytes induces a fibrotic scar-like cell cluster. The effect of TGF-β1 on cluster formation was suppressed by treatment with ChABC or ChB, but not by ChAC. TGF-β1-induced cell cluster repelled neurites of neonatal cerebellar neurons, but addition of ChABC or ChAC suppressed the inhibitory property of clusters on neurite outgrowth. The present study is the first to demonstrate that DS and CS play different functions after brain injury: DS is involved in the lesion scar formation, and CS inhibits axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Peng Li
- Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya City, Tokyo, Japan
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Mizumoto S, Sugahara K. Glycosaminoglycan chain analysis and characterization (glycosylation/epimerization). Methods Mol Biol 2012; 836:99-115. [PMID: 22252630 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-498-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and heparan sulfate/heparin (HS/Hep) are linear polysaccharides and involved in the regulation of various biological events through interaction with functional proteins. GAGs are modified by sulfation at various positions of each saccharide residue and the epimerization of uronic acid residues during the chain's biosynthesis, resulting in enormous structural diversity. This structural diversity is the basis for the wide range of biological activities of GAGs. Thus, the structural analysis of GAGs is key to understanding their biological functions. This chapter describes detailed instructions for the extraction and structural analysis of GAGs from cultured cells and tissues using a combination of GAG-degrading enzymes and high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Hashiguchi T, Mizumoto S, Nishimura Y, Tamura JI, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Involvement of human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) sulfotransferase in the biosynthesis of the GlcUA(3-O-sulfate)-Gal-Gal-Xyl tetrasaccharide found in α-thrombomodulin from human urine. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33003-11. [PMID: 21828042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is an integral membrane glycoprotein, which occurs as both a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (PG) form (β-TM) and a non-PG form without a CS chain (α-TM) and hence is a part-time PG. An α-TM preparation isolated from human urine contained the glycosaminoglycan linkage region tetrasaccharide GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4xylose, and the nonreducing terminal GlcUA residue is 3-O-sulfated. Because the human natural killer-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST) transfers a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the C-3 position of the nonreducing terminal GlcUA residue in the HNK-1 antigen precursor trisaccharide, GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc, the sulfotransferase activity toward the linkage region was investigated. In fact, the activity of HNK-1ST toward the linkage region was much higher than that toward the glucuronylneolactotetraosylceramide, the precursor of the HNK-1 epitope. HNK-1ST may be responsible for regulating the sorting of α- and β-TM. Furthermore, HNK-1ST also transferred a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the C-3 position of the nonreducing terminal GlcUA residue of a chondroitin chain. Intriguingly, the HNK-1 antibody recognized CS chains and the linkage region if they contained GlcUA(3-O-sulfate), suggesting that HNK-1ST not only synthesizes the HNK-1 epitope but may also be involved in the generation of part-time PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Chen J, Yamada S, Hama Y, Shetty AK, Kobayashi T, Oda H, Seiki K, Kim E, Kimura T, Takahashi N, Hidari KI, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, Sugahara K. Unique heparan sulfate from shrimp heads exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on infections by dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Conovaloff A, Panitch A. Characterization of a chondroitin sulfate hydrogel for nerve root regeneration. J Neural Eng 2011; 8:056003. [PMID: 21804177 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/8/5/056003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brachial plexus injury is a serious medical problem that affects many patients annually, with most cases involving damage to the nerve roots. Therefore, a chondroitin sulfate hydrogel was designed to both serve as a scaffold for regenerating root neurons and deliver neurotrophic signals. Capillary electrophoresis showed that chondroitin sulfate has a dissociation constant in the micromolar range with several common neurotrophins, and this was determined to be approximately tenfold stronger than with heparin. It was also revealed that nerve growth factor exhibits a slightly stronger affinity for hyaluronic acid than for chondroitin sulfate. However, E8 chick dorsal root ganglia cultured in the presence of nerve growth factor revealed that ganglia cultured in chondroitin sulfate scaffolds showed more robust growth than those cultured in control gels of hyaluronic acid. It is hypothesized that, despite the stronger affinity of nerve growth factor for hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate serves as a better scaffold for neurite outgrowth, possibly due to inhibition of growth by hyaluronic acid chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Conovaloff
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA
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Demonstration of the hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway in the in vitro neuritogenic activity of chondroitin sulfate from ray fish cartilage. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:406-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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