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Strecker C, Peters H, Hackl T, Peters T, Meyer B. Fragment Growing to Design Optimized Inhibitors for Human Blood Group B Galactosyltransferase (GTB). ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1336-1342. [PMID: 31207161 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human blood group B galactosyltransferase (GTB) catalyzes the galactosylation of the H antigen and is responsible for the formation of the blood group antigen of phenotype B. The ABO blood group system is well studied and routinely serotyped before transfusion and transplantation. Blood type subgroups have been repeatedly linked to an increased occurrence of diseases (e.g., a highly increased incidence rate for pancreatic cancer for individuals with blood group phenotype B). 3-Phenyl-5-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole 1 has previously been described to inhibit GTB with a Ki value of 800 μm. In this work, we describe a computer-guided fragment-growing approach for the optimization of this fragment that was subsequently realized by synthesizing the most promising ligands. Enlarging the phenyl moiety of fragment 1 to a naphthyl moiety resulted in ligand 3-(naphthalene-1-yl)-5-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole 2 a, which shows a threefold improvement in binding affinity (Ki =271 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Strecker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Peters
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Hackl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Hamark C, Pendrill R, Landström J, Dotson Fagerström A, Sandgren M, Ståhlberg J, Widmalm G. Enantioselective Binding of Propranolol and Analogues Thereof to Cellobiohydrolase Cel7A. Chemistry 2018; 24:17975-17985. [PMID: 30255965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
At the catalytic site for the hydrolysis of cellulose the enzyme cellobiohydrolase Cel7A binds the enantiomers of the adrenergic beta-blocker propranolol with different selectivity. Methyl-to-hydroxymethyl group modifications of propranolol, which result in higher affinity and improved selectivity, were herein studied by 1 H,1 H and 1 H,13 C scalar spin-spin coupling constants as well as utilizing the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations of the ligands per se, which showed the presence of all-antiperiplanar conformations, except for the one containing a vicinal oxygen-oxygen arrangement governed by the gauche effect. For the ligand-protein complexes investigated by NMR spectroscopy using, inter alia, transferred NOESY and saturation-transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments the S-isomers were shown to bind with a higher affinity and a conformation similar to that preferred in solution, in contrast to the R-isomer. The fact that the S-form of the propranolol enantiomer is pre-arranged for binding to the protein is also observed for a crystal structure of dihydroxy-(S)-propranolol and Cel7A presented herein. Whereas the binding of propranolol is entropy driven, the complexation with the dihydroxy analogue is anticipated to be favored also by an enthalpic term, such as for its enantiomer, that is, dihydroxy-(R)-propranolol, because hydrogen-bond donation replaces the corresponding bonding from hydroxyl groups in glucosyl residues of the natural substrate. In addition to a favorable entropy component, albeit lesser in magnitude, this represents an effect of enthalpy-to-entropy compensation in ligand-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Hamark
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Pendrill
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Landström
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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STD-NMR experiments identify a structural motif with novel second-site activity against West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:174-183. [PMID: 28927677 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. This mosquito-borne virus that is highly pathogenic to humans has been evolving into a global threat during the past two decades. Despite many efforts, neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available. The viral protease NS2B-NS3pro is essential for viral replication, and therefore it is considered a prime drug target. However, success in the development of specific NS2B-NS3pro inhibitors had been moderate so far. In the search for new structural motifs with binding affinity for NS2B-NS3pro, we have screened a fragment library, the Maybridge Ro5 library, employing saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments as readout. About 30% of 429 fragments showed binding to NS2B-NS3pro. Subsequent STD-NMR competition experiments using the known active site fragment A as reporter ligand yielded 14 competitively binding fragments, and 22 fragments not competing with A. In a fluorophore-based protease assay, all of these fragments showed inhibition in the micromolar range. Interestingly, 10 of these 22 fragments showed a notable increase of STD intensities in the presence of compound A suggesting cooperative binding. The most promising non-competitive inhibitors 1 and 2 (IC50 ∼ 500 μM) share a structural motif that may guide the development of novel second-site (potentially allosteric) inhibitors of NS2B-NS3pro. To identify the matching protein binding site, chemical shift perturbation studies employing 1H,15N-TROSY-HSQC experiments with uniformly 2H,15N-labeled protease were performed in the presence of 1, and in the concomitant absence or presence of A. The data suggest that 1 interacts with Met 52* of NS2B, identifying a secondary site adjacent to the binding site of A. Therefore, our study paves the way for the synthesis of novel bidentate NS2B-NS3pro inhibitors.
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4
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Gagnon SML, Meloncelli PJ, Zheng RB, Haji-Ghassemi O, Johal AR, Borisova SN, Lowary TL, Evans SV. High Resolution Structures of the Human ABO(H) Blood Group Enzymes in Complex with Donor Analogs Reveal That the Enzymes Utilize Multiple Donor Conformations to Bind Substrates in a Stepwise Manner. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27040-27052. [PMID: 26374898 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.682401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous glycosyltransferases α-(1→3)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GTA) and α-(1→3)-galactosyltransferase (GTB) catalyze the final step in ABO(H) blood group A and B antigen synthesis through sugar transfer from activated donor to the H antigen acceptor. These enzymes have a GT-A fold type with characteristic mobile polypeptide loops that cover the active site upon substrate binding and, despite intense investigation, many aspects of substrate specificity and catalysis remain unclear. The structures of GTA, GTB, and their chimeras have been determined to between 1.55 and 1.39 Å resolution in complex with natural donors UDP-Gal, UDP-Glc and, in an attempt to overcome one of the common problems associated with three-dimensional studies, the non-hydrolyzable donor analog UDP-phosphono-galactose (UDP-C-Gal). Whereas the uracil moieties of the donors are observed to maintain a constant location, the sugar moieties lie in four distinct conformations, varying from extended to the "tucked under" conformation associated with catalysis, each stabilized by different hydrogen bonding partners with the enzyme. Further, several structures show clear evidence that the donor sugar is disordered over two of the observed conformations and so provide evidence for stepwise insertion into the active site. Although the natural donors can both assume the tucked under conformation in complex with enzyme, UDP-C-Gal cannot. Whereas UDP-C-Gal was designed to be "isosteric" with natural donor, the small differences in structure imposed by changing the epimeric oxygen atom to carbon appear to render the enzyme incapable of binding the analog in the active conformation and so preclude its use as a substrate mimic in GTA and GTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah M L Gagnon
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Peter J Meloncelli
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ruixiang B Zheng
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Omid Haji-Ghassemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Asha R Johal
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Svetlana N Borisova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and
| | - Todd L Lowary
- the Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Stephen V Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P6, Canada and.
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5
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Brockhausen I. Crossroads between Bacterial and Mammalian Glycosyltransferases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:492. [PMID: 25368613 PMCID: PMC4202792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases (GT) often synthesize the same glycan linkages as mammalian GT; yet, they usually have very little sequence identity. Nevertheless, enzymatic properties, folding, substrate specificities, and catalytic mechanisms of these enzyme proteins may have significant similarity. Thus, bacterial GT can be utilized for the enzymatic synthesis of both bacterial and mammalian types of complex glycan structures. A comparison is made here between mammalian and bacterial enzymes that synthesize epitopes found in mammalian glycoproteins, and those found in the O antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. These epitopes include Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF or T) antigen, blood group O, A, and B, type 1 and 2 chains, Lewis antigens, sialylated and fucosylated structures, and polysialic acids. Many different approaches can be taken to investigate the substrate binding and catalytic mechanisms of GT, including crystal structure analyses, mutations, comparison of amino acid sequences, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Knowledge of the protein structures and functions helps to design GT for specific glycan synthesis and to develop inhibitors. The goals are to develop new strategies to reduce bacterial virulence and to synthesize vaccines and other biologically active glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada ; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
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6
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Tedaldi L, Wagner GK. Beyond substrate analogues: new inhibitor chemotypes for glycosyltransferases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00086b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New inhibitor chemotypes for glycosyltransferases, which are not structurally derived from either donor or acceptor substrate, are being reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tedaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Gerd K. Wagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- King's College London
- London
- UK
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7
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Sindhuwinata N, Grimm LL, Weißbach S, Zinn S, Munoz E, Palcic MM, Peters T. Thermodynamic Signature of Substrates and Substrate Analogs Binding to Human Blood Group B Galactosyltransferase from Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Experiments. Biopolymers 2013; 99:784-95. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sindhuwinata
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry, University of Luebeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23562; Luebeck; Germany
| | - Lena L. Grimm
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry, University of Luebeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23562; Luebeck; Germany
| | - Sophie Weißbach
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry, University of Luebeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23562; Luebeck; Germany
| | - Sabrina Zinn
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry, University of Luebeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23562; Luebeck; Germany
| | - Eva Munoz
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de las Ciencias; S.N. 15782; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - Monica M. Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory; Gamle Carlsberg Vej10; DK-1799; Copenhagen V.; Denmark
| | - Thomas Peters
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry, University of Luebeck; Ratzeburger Allee 160; 23562; Luebeck; Germany
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8
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Jose RA, Voet A, Broos K, Jakobi AJ, Bruylants G, Egle B, Zhang KYJ, De Maeyer M, Deckmyn H, De Borggraeve WM. An integrated fragment based screening approach for the discovery of small molecule modulators of the VWF-GPIbα interaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:11349-51. [PMID: 23072895 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrated approach comprising STD NMR screening, pharmacophore based analogue selection and a bioassay is presented for the discovery of a stabilizer of the clinically relevant VWF-GPIbα protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani A Jose
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2404, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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9
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Lundborg M, Ali E, Widmalm G. An in silico virtual screening study for the design of norovirus inhibitors: fragment-based molecular docking and binding free energy calculations. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:133-8. [PMID: 23582100 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections caused by noroviruses may be prevented by the inhibition of their binding to histo-blood group carbohydrate antigens. A fragment-based virtual screening approach was used, employing docking followed by molecular dynamics simulations in order to enable binding free energy calculations using the linear interaction energy method. The resulting structures, composed of high-affinity fragments, can be a good starting point for lead optimizations and four molecules that pass both REOS and SYLVIA filters, which can remove known toxic features and assess the synthetic accessibility, respectively, are proposed as inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lundborg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Schaefer K, Sindhuwinata N, Hackl T, Kötzler MP, Niemeyer FC, Palcic MM, Peters T, Meyer B. A nonionic inhibitor with high specificity for the UDP-Gal donor binding site of human blood group B galactosyltransferase: design, synthesis, and characterization. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2150-4. [PMID: 23406460 DOI: 10.1021/jm300642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
9-(5-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-arabinityl-1,3,7-trihydropurine-2,6,8-trione (1) was designed and synthesized as a nonionic inhibitor for the donor binding site of human blood group B galactosyltransferase (GTB). Enzymatic characterization showed 1 to be extremely specific, as the highly homologous human N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GTA) is not inhibited. The binding epitope of 1 demonstrates a high involvement of the arabinityl linker, whereas the galactose residue is only making contact to the protein via its C-2 site, which is very important for the discrimination between galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, the substrate transferred by GTA. The approach can generate highly specific glycosyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schaefer
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Landström J, Persson K, Rademacher C, Lundborg M, Wakarchuk W, Peters T, Widmalm G. Small molecules containing hetero-bicyclic ring systems compete with UDP-Glc for binding to WaaG glycosyltransferase. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:491-502. [PMID: 22711644 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The α-1,3-glucosyltransferase WaaG is involved in the synthesis of the core region of lipopolysaccharides in E. coli. A fragment-based screening for inhibitors of the WaaG glycosyltrasferase donor site has been performed using NMR spectroscopy. Docking simulations were performed for three of the compounds of the fragment library that had shown binding activity towards WaaG and yielded 3D models for the respective complexes. The three ligands share a hetero-bicyclic ring system as a common structural motif and they compete with UDP-Glc for binding. Interestingly, one of the compounds promoted binding of uridine to WaaG, as seen from STD NMR titrations, suggesting a different binding mode for this ligand. We propose these compounds as scaffolds for the design of selective high-affinity inhibitors of WaaG. Binding of natural substrates, enzymatic activity and donor substrate selectivity were also investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations of WaaG were carried out with and without bound UDP and revealed structural changes compared to the crystal structure and also variations in flexibility for some amino acid residues between the two WaaG systems studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Landström
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Jørgensen R, Grimm LL, Sindhuwinata N, Peters T, Palcic MM. A glycosyltransferase inhibitor from a molecular fragment library simultaneously interferes with metal ion and substrate binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4171-5. [PMID: 22407594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Jørgensen
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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13
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Jørgensen R, Grimm LL, Sindhuwinata N, Peters T, Palcic MM. A Glycosyltransferase Inhibitor from a Molecular Fragment Library Simultaneously Interferes with Metal Ion and Substrate Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Landström J, Bergström M, Hamark C, Ohlson S, Widmalm G. Combining weak affinity chromatography, NMR spectroscopy and molecular simulations in carbohydrate–lysozyme interaction studies. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3019-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Rademacher C, Guiard J, Kitov PI, Fiege B, Dalton KP, Parra F, Bundle DR, Peters T. Targeting norovirus infection-multivalent entry inhibitor design based on NMR experiments. Chemistry 2011; 17:7442-53. [PMID: 21567493 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses attach to their host cells through histo blood group antigens (HBGAs), and compounds that interfere with this interaction are likely to be of therapeutic or diagnostic interest. It is shown that NMR binding studies can simultaneously identify and differentiate the site for binding HBGA ligands and complementary ligands from a large compound library, thereby facilitating the design of potent heterobifunctional ligands. Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments, spin-lock filtered NMR experiments, and interligand NOE (ILOE) experiments in the presence of virus-like particles (VLPs), identified compounds that bind to the HBGA binding site of human norovirus. Based on these data two multivalent prototype entry-inhibitors against norovirus infection were synthesized. A surface plasmon resonance based inhibition assay showed avidity gains of 1000 and one million fold over a millimolar univalent ligand. This suggests that further rational design of multivalent inhibitors based on our strategy will identify potent entry-inhibitors against norovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rademacher
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Chemistry, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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16
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Fais M, Karamanska R, Allman S, Fairhurst SA, Innocenti P, Fairbanks AJ, Donohoe TJ, Davis BG, Russell DA, Field RA. Surface plasmon resonance imaging of glycoarrays identifies novel and unnatural carbohydrate-based ligands for potential ricin sensor development. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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