1
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Chance DL, Wang W, Waters JK, Mawhinney TP. Insights on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Carbohydrate Binding from Profiles of Cystic Fibrosis Isolates Using Multivalent Fluorescent Glycopolymers Bearing Pendant Monosaccharides. Microorganisms 2024; 12:801. [PMID: 38674745 PMCID: PMC11051836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to frequent, persistent, and, often, polymicrobial respiratory tract infections for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Chronic CF infections lead to bronchiectasis and a shortened lifespan. P. aeruginosa expresses numerous adhesins, including lectins known to bind the epithelial cell and mucin glycoconjugates. Blocking carbohydrate-mediated host-pathogen and intra-biofilm interactions critical to the initiation and perpetuation of colonization offer promise as anti-infective treatment strategies. To inform anti-adhesion therapies, we profiled the monosaccharide binding of P. aeruginosa from CF and non-CF sources, and assessed whether specific bacterial phenotypic characteristics affected carbohydrate-binding patterns. Focusing at the cellular level, microscopic and spectrofluorometric tools permitted the solution-phase analysis of P. aeruginosa binding to a panel of fluorescent glycopolymers possessing distinct pendant monosaccharides. All P. aeruginosa demonstrated significant binding to glycopolymers specific for α-D-galactose, β-D-N-acetylgalactosamine, and β-D-galactose-3-sulfate. In each culture, a small subpopulation accounted for the binding. The carbohydrate anomeric configuration and sulfate ester presence markedly influenced binding. While this opportunistic pathogen from CF hosts presented with various colony morphologies and physiological activities, no phenotypic, physiological, or structural feature predicted enhanced or diminished monosaccharide binding. Important to anti-adhesive therapeutic strategies, these findings suggest that, regardless of phenotype or clinical source, P. aeruginosa maintain a small subpopulation that may readily associate with specific configurations of specific monosaccharides. This report provides insights into whole-cell P. aeruginosa carbohydrate-binding profiles and into the context within which successful anti-adhesive and/or anti-virulence anti-infective agents for CF must contend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Chance
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - James K. Waters
- Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Thomas P. Mawhinney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
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2
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Gerling-Driessen UIM, Hoffmann M, Schmidt S, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Glycopolymers against pathogen infection. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2617-2642. [PMID: 36820794 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites continue to shape our lives in profound ways every day. As we have learned to live in parallel with pathogens, we have gained a better understanding of the rules of engagement for how they bind, adhere, and invade host cells. One such mechanism involves the exploitation of host cell surface glycans for attachment/adhesion, one of the first steps of infection. This knowledge has led to the development of glycan-based diagnostics and therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of infection. One class of compounds that has become increasingly important are the glycopolymers. Glycopolymers are macromolecules composed of a synthetic scaffold presenting carbohydrates as side chain motifs. Glycopolymers are particularly attractive because their properties can be tuned by careful choice of the scaffold, carbohydrate/glycan, and overall presentation. In this review, we highlight studies over the past ten years that have examined the role of glycopolymers in pathogen adhesion and host cell infection, biofilm formation and removal, and drug delivery with the aim of examining the direct effects of these macromolecules on pathogen engagement. In addition, we also examine the role of glycopolymers as diagnostics for the detection and monitoring of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla I M Gerling-Driessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Miriam Hoffmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, USA
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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3
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Samoilova NA, Krayukhina MA, Vyshivannaya OV, Blagodatskikh IV. Investigation of the Binding of Lectins with Polymer Glycoconjugates and the Glycoconjugates Containing Silver Nanoparticles by Means of Optical Spectroscopy and Light Scattering. POLYMER SCIENCE. SERIES A, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS 2022; 64:277-289. [PMID: 35669311 PMCID: PMC9149672 DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of glycoconjugates, lectin-specific polymers containing a carbohydrate ligand (spacered residue of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, β-N-Gly-GlcNAc) has been carried out. Glyconanoparticles (glycol-NPs) containing a label detectable by means of spectrophotometry, silver nanoparticles, have been prepared on the basis of the glycoconjugates. Copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene or N-vinylpyrrolidone have been used as a carrier to introduce the carbohydrate ligand and a stabilizer of silver nanoparticles. Solutions of the glycoconjugates and the silver glyconanoparticles have been characterized by means of light scattering, UV-visible spectroscopy, and TEM. The interaction of the obtained glycoconjugates and silver glyconanoparticles with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-specific lectins of Solanum tuberosum agglutinin (STA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has been investigated by means of light scattering and UV-visible spectro-scopy. The data obtained via these physical methods using the carbohydrate-containing derivatives labeled with silver nanoparticles have been in agreement. It has been shown that the glycoconjugates and silver glyconanoparticles based on more hydrophilic copolymer of maleic acid with N-vinylpyrrolidone are more sensitive than the respective systems based on more hydrophobic copolymer of maleic acid with ethylene. It has been also shown that the considered systems are more sensitive to the STA lectin than to the WGA lectin. The silver glyconanoparticles have allowed more accurate and reliable detection of the lectins by means of light scattering, as compared to the glycopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Samoilova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. A. Krayukhina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - O. V. Vyshivannaya
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. V. Blagodatskikh
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Mosaiab T, Farr DC, Kiefel MJ, Houston TA. Carbohydrate-based nanocarriers and their application to target macrophages and deliver antimicrobial agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:94-129. [PMID: 31513827 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many deadly infections are produced by microorganisms capable of sustained survival in macrophages. This reduces exposure to chemadrotherapy, prevents immune detection, and is akin to criminals hiding in police stations. Therefore, the use of glyco-nanoparticles (GNPs) as carriers of therapeutic agents is a burgeoning field. Such an approach can enhance the penetration of drugs into macrophages with specific carbohydrate targeting molecules on the nanocarrier to interact with macrophage lectins. Carbohydrates are natural biological molecules and the key constituents in a large variety of biological events such as cellular communication, infection, inflammation, enzyme trafficking, cellular migration, cancer metastasis and immune functions. The prominent characteristics of carbohydrates including biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity and the highly specific interaction of targeting cell-surface receptors support their potential application to drug delivery systems (DDS). This review presents the 21st century development of carbohydrate-based nanocarriers for drug targeting of therapeutic agents for diseases localized in macrophages. The significance of natural carbohydrate-derived nanoparticles (GNPs) as anti-microbial drug carriers is highlighted in several areas of treatment including tuberculosis, salmonellosis, leishmaniasis, candidiasis, and HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Dylan C Farr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Milton J Kiefel
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Todd A Houston
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
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5
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Sun P, Deng H, Zhou L, Wu Y, Jin X, Tong G, Yu X. “Bottom-Up” Fabrication of BODIPY-Functionalized Fluorescent Hyperbranched Glycopolymers for Hepatoma-Targeted Imaging. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1700381. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Hongping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Linzhu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Gangsheng Tong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 800 Dongchuan Road 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Xuemei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Diabetes Ward; Fengxian Central Hospital; 200240 Shanghai China
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6
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Teratanatorn P, Hoskins R, Swift T, Douglas CWI, Shepherd J, Rimmer S. Binding of Bacteria to Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Modified with Vancomycin: Comparison of Behavior of Linear and Highly Branched Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2887-2899. [PMID: 28731679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of a linear copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide with pendant vancomycin functionality was compared to an analogous highly branched copolymer with vancomycin functionality at the chain ends. Highly branched poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) modified with vancomycin (HB-PNIPAM-van) was synthesized by functionalization of the HB-PNIPAM, prepared using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Linear PNIPAM with pendant vancomycin functionality (L-PNIPAM-van) was synthesized by functionalization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinyl benzoic acid). HB-PNIPAM-van aggregated S. aureus effectively, whereas the L-PNIPAM-van polymer did not. It was found that when the HB-PNIPAM-van was incubated with S. aureus the resultant phase transition provided an increase in the intensity of fluorescence of a solvatochromic dye, nile red, added to the system. In contrast, a significantly lower increase in fluorescence intensity was obtained when L-PNIPAM-van was incubated with S. aureus. These data showed that the degree of desolvation of HB-PNIPAM-van was much greater than the desolvation of the linear version. Using microcalorimetry, it was shown that there were no significant differences in the affinities of the polymer ligands for d-Ala-d-Ala and therefore differences in the interactions with bacteria were associated with changes in the probability of access of the polymer bound ligands to the d-Ala-d-Ala dipeptide. The data support the hypothesis that generation of polymer systems that respond to cellular targets, for applications such as cell targeting, detection of pathogens etc., requires the use of branched polymers with ligands situated at the chain ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavintorn Teratanatorn
- Dental School, University of Sheffield , 19 Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, U.K. , S10 2TA
| | - Richard Hoskins
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford , Bradford, West Yorkshire, U.K. , BD1 1DP
| | - Thomas Swift
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford , Bradford, West Yorkshire, U.K. , BD1 1DP
| | - C W Ian Douglas
- Dental School, University of Sheffield , 19 Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, U.K. , S10 2TA
| | - Joanna Shepherd
- Dental School, University of Sheffield , 19 Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, U.K. , S10 2TA
| | - Stephen Rimmer
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford , Bradford, West Yorkshire, U.K. , BD1 1DP
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7
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Samoilova NA, Krayukhina MA, Babushkina TA, Yamskov IA, Likhosherstov LM, Piskarev VE. Silver- and gold-labeled colloidal and crosslinked glycopolymers based on glycyl glycosynthons and maleic anhydride copolymers for lectin binding. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Samoilova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Maria A. Krayukhina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana A. Babushkina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Igor A. Yamskov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Leonid M. Likhosherstov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E. Piskarev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
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8
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers respond to a variety of external stimuli, which include optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, redox, pH, chemical, environmental and biological signals. This paper is concerned with the process of forming such polymers by RAFT polymerization.
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9
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Trant JF, Jain N, Mazzuca DM, McIntosh JT, Fan B, Haeryfar SMM, Lecommandoux S, Gillies ER. Synthesis, self-assembly, and immunological activity of α-galactose-functionalized dendron-lipid amphiphiles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17694-17704. [PMID: 27714067 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoassemblies presenting multivalent displays of biologically active carbohydrates are of significant interest for a wide array of biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to immunotherapy. In this study, glycodendron-lipid hybrids were developed as a new and tunable class of dendritic amphiphiles. A modular synthesis was used to prepare dendron-lipid hybrids comprising distearylglycerol and 0 through 4th generation polyester dendrons with peripheral protected amines. Following deprotection of the amines, an isothiocyanate derivative of C-linked α-galactose (α-Gal) was conjugated to the dendron peripheries, affording amphiphiles with 1 to 16 α-Gal moieties. Self-assembly in water through a solvent exchange process resulted in vesicles for the 0 through 2nd generation systems and micelles for the 3rd and 4th generation systems. The critical aggregation concentrations decreased with increasing dendron generation, suggesting that the effects of increasing molar mass dominated over the effects of increasing the hydrophilic weight fraction. The binding of the assemblies to Griffonia simplicifolia Lectin I (GSL 1), a protein with specificity for α-Gal was studied by quantifying the binding of fluorescently labeled assemblies to GSL 1-coated beads. It was found that binding was enhanced for amphiphiles containing higher generation dendrons. Despite their substantial structural differences with the natural ligands for the CD1d receptor, the glycodendron-lipid hybrids were capable of stimulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a class of innate-like T cells that recognize lipid and glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d and that are implicated in a wide range of diseases and conditions including but not limited to infectious diseases, diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Trant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5B7.
| | - Namrata Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5B7.
| | - Delfina M Mazzuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - James T McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5B7.
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Sebastien Lecommandoux
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux-INP ENSCBP, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organique (LCPO), UMR 5629, 16 avenue Pey Berland, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Canada N6A 5B7. and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 5B9
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10
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Biopolymeric Mucin and Synthetic Polymer Analogs: Their Structure, Function and Role in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8030071. [PMID: 30979166 PMCID: PMC6432556 DOI: 10.3390/polym8030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin networks are viscoelastic fibrillar aggregates formed through the complex self-association of biopolymeric glycoprotein chains. The networks form a lubricious, hydrated protective shield along epithelial regions within the human body. The critical role played by mucin networks in impacting the transport properties of biofunctional molecules (e.g., biogenic molecules, probes, nanoparticles), and its effect on bioavailability are well described in the literature. An alternate perspective is provided in this paper, presenting mucin’s complex network structure, and its interdependent functional characteristics in human physiology. We highlight the recent advances that were achieved through the use of mucin in diverse areas of bioengineering applications (e.g., drug delivery, biomedical devices and tissue engineering). Mucin network formation is a highly complex process, driven by wide variety of molecular interactions, and the network possess structural and chemical variations, posing a great challenge to understand mucin’s bulk behavior. Through this review, the prospective potential of polymer based analogs to serve as mucin mimic is suggested. These analog systems, apart from functioning as an artificial model, reducing the current dependency on animal models, can aid in furthering our fundamental understanding of such complex structures.
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11
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Yilmaz G, Messager L, Gleinich AS, Mitchell DA, Battaglia G, Becer CR. Glyconanoparticles with controlled morphologies and their interactions with a dendritic cell lectin. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined amphiphilic block glycopolymers with equal mannose content have been self-assembled in aqueous solution to form glyconanoparticles with different morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Department of Basic Sciences
| | - Lea Messager
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Anne S. Gleinich
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute
- Warwick Medical School
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Daniel A. Mitchell
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute
- Warwick Medical School
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - C. Remzi Becer
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary
- University of London
- London
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12
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Light-responsive azobenzene-based glycopolymer micelles for targeted drug delivery to melanoma cells. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Wang W, Lester JM, Amorosa AE, Chance DL, Mossine VV, Mawhinney TP. Facile and Efficient Preparation of Tri-component Fluorescent Glycopolymers via RAFT-controlled Polymerization. J Vis Exp 2015:e52922. [PMID: 26132587 PMCID: PMC4545147 DOI: 10.3791/52922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glycopolymers are instrumental and versatile tools used in various biochemical and biomedical research fields. An example of a facile and efficient synthesis of well-controlled fluorescent statistical glycopolymers using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-based polymerization is demonstrated. The synthesis starts with the preparation of β-galactose-containing glycomonomer 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylamide obtained by reaction of lactobionolactone and N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA). 2-Gluconamidoethyl methacrylamide (GAEMA) is used as a structural analog lacking a terminal β-galactoside. The following RAFT-mediated copolymerization reaction involves three different monomers: N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide as spacer, AEMA as target for further fluorescence labeling, and the glycomonomers. Tolerant of aqueous systems, the RAFT agent used in the reaction is (4-cyanopentanoic acid)-4-dithiobenzoate. Low dispersities (≤1.32), predictable copolymer compositions, and high reproducibility of the polymerizations were observed among the products. Fluorescent polymers are obtained by modifying the glycopolymers with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester targeting the primary amine functional groups on AEMA. Lectin-binding specificities of the resulting glycopolymers are verified by testing with corresponding agarose beads coated with specific glycoepitope recognizing lectins. Because of the ease of the synthesis, the tight control of the product compositions and the good reproducibility of the reaction, this protocol can be translated towards preparation of other RAFT-based glycopolymers with specific structures and compositions, as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri
| | | | | | - Deborah L Chance
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri
| | | | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri; Department of Child Health, University of Missouri;
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14
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Yilmaz G, Becer CR. Glycopolymer code based on well-defined glycopolymers or glyconanomaterials and their biomolecular recognition. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:39. [PMID: 25353022 PMCID: PMC4196633 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the glycopolymer technology have allowed the preparation of more complex and well-defined glycopolymers/particles with several architectures from linear to globular structures (such as micelles, dendrimers, and nanogels). In the last decade, functionalized self-assembled/decided nano-objects and scaffolds containing glycopolymers were designed to develop many biological and biomedical applications in diseases treatments such as pathogen detection, inhibitors of toxins, and lectin-based biosensors. These studies will facilitate the understanding and investigation of the sugar code on the carbohydrate-lectin interactions, which are significantly influenced by the glycopolymer architecture, valency, size, and density of binding elements. In this context, these advanced and selected glycopolymers/particles showing specific interactions with various lectins are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Basic Sciences, Turkish Military Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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