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Gao J, Huang X. Recent advances on glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the proteoglycan linkage region. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2021; 80:95-119. [PMID: 34872657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are an essential family of glycoproteins, which can play roles in many important biological events including cell proliferation, cancer development, and pathogen infections. Proteoglycans consist of a core protein with one or multiple glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which are covalently attached to serine residues of serine-glycine dipeptide within the core protein through a common tetrasaccharide linkage. In the past three decades, four key glycosyl transferases involved in the biosynthesis of PG linkage have been discovered and investigated. This review aims to provide an overview on progress made on these four enzymes, with foci on enzyme expression/purification, substrate specificity, activity determination, product characterization, and structure-activity relationship analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Huang M, Huang J, Zheng Y, Sun Q. Histone acetyltransferase inhibitors: An overview in synthesis, structure-activity relationship and molecular mechanism. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:259-286. [PMID: 31195169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation, a key component in post-translational modification regulated by HATs and HDACs, is relevant to many crucial cellular contexts in organisms. Based on crucial pharmacophore patterns and the structure of targeted proteins, HAT inhibitors are designed and modified for higher affinity and better bioactivity. However, there are still some challenges, such as cell permeability, selectivity, toxicity and synthetic availability, which limit the improvement of HAT inhibitors. So far, only few HAT inhibitors have been approved for commercialization, indicating the urgent need for more successful and effective structure-based drug design and synthetic strategies. Here, we summarized three classes of HAT inhibitors based on their sources and structural scaffolds, emphasizing on their synthetic methods and structure-activity relationships and molecular mechanisms, hoping to facilitate the development and further application of HAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiangkun Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongcheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Chung S, Kim S, Son M, Kim M, Koh ES, Shin SJ, Park CW, Kim HS. Inhibition of p300/CBP-Associated Factor Attenuates Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis through Modulation of NF-kB and Nrf2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071554. [PMID: 30925687 PMCID: PMC6479343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), a histone acetyltransferase, is involved in many cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and reaction to cell damage by modulating the activities of several genes and proteins through the acetylation of either the histones or transcription factors. Here, we examined a pathogenic role of PCAF and its potential as a novel therapeutic target in the progression of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by non-diabetic unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in male C57BL/6 mice. Administration of garcinol, a PCAF inhibitor, reversed a UUO-induced increase in the renal expression of total PCAF and histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation and reduced positive areas of trichrome and α-smooth muscle actin and collagen content. Treatment with garcinol also decreased mRNA levels of transforming growth factor-β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and fibronectin. Furthermore, garcinol suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6, whereas it preserved the nuclear expression of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2) and levels of Nrf2-dependent antioxidants including heme oxygense-1, catalase, superoxide dismutase 1, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. These results suggest that the inhibition of inordinately enhanced PCAF could mitigate renal fibrosis by redressing aberrant balance between inflammatory signaling and antioxidant response through the modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Soojeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Mina Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Eun Sil Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Seok Joon Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Ho-Shik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea.
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