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Miao M, Yao Y, Yan Q, Jiang Z, He G, Yang S. Biochemical characterization of a novel β-galactosidase from Pedobacter sp. with strong transglycosylation activity at low lactose concentration. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01169-w. [PMID: 38771554 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A novel β-galactosidase gene (PbBgal35A) from Pedobacter sp. CAUYN2 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene had an open reading frame of 1917 bp, encoding 638 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 62.3 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene shared the highest identity of 41% with a glycoside hydrolase family 35 β-galactosidase from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (AAP86763.1). The recombinant β-galactosidase (PbBgal35A) was purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 65.9 U/mg. PbBgal35A was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively, and it was stable within pH 4.5‒7.0 and up to 45 °C. PbBgal35A efficiently synthesized galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose with a conversion ratio of 32% (w/w) and fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides from lactulose with a conversion ratio of 21.9% (w/w). Moreover, the enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides from low-content lactose in fresh milk, and the GOS conversion ratios of 17.1% (w/w) and 7.8% (w/w) were obtained when the reactions were performed at 45 and 4 °C, respectively. These properties make PbBgal35A an ideal candidate for commercial use in the manufacturing of GOS-enriched dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guangming He
- Jiangxi Jinsuifeng Sugar Industry Co., Ltd., Yichun, 336000, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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2
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Padilla L, Fricker AD, Luna E, Choudhury B, Hughes ER, Panzetta ME, Valdivia RH, Flores GE. Mechanism of 2'-fucosyllactose degradation by human-associated Akkermansia. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0033423. [PMID: 38299857 PMCID: PMC10886448 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00334-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the first microorganisms to colonize the human gut of breastfed infants are bacteria capable of fermenting human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). One of the most abundant HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), may specifically drive bacterial colonization of the intestine. Recently, differential growth has been observed across multiple species of Akkermansia on various HMOs including 2'-FL. In culture, we found growth of two species, A. muciniphila MucT and A. biwaensis CSUN-19,on HMOs corresponded to a decrease in the levels of 2'-FL and an increase in lactose, indicating that the first step in 2'-FL catabolism is the cleavage of fucose. Using phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we found that the number and expression of fucosidase genes from two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, GH29 and GH95, vary between these two species. During the mid-log phase of growth, the expression of several GH29 genes was increased by 2'-FL in both species, whereas the GH95 genes were induced only in A. muciniphila. We further show that one putative fucosidase and a β-galactosidase from A. biwaensis are involved in the breakdown of 2'-FL. Our findings indicate that the plasticity of GHs of human-associated Akkermansia sp. enables access to additional growth substrates present in HMOs, including 2'-FL. Our work highlights the potential for Akkermansia to influence the development of the gut microbiota early in life and expands the known metabolic capabilities of this important human symbiont.IMPORTANCEAkkermansia are mucin-degrading specialists widely distributed in the human population. Akkermansia biwaensis has recently been observed to have enhanced growth relative to other human-associated Akkermansia on multiple human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). However, the mechanisms for enhanced growth are not understood. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic diversity and function of select genes involved in the growth of A. biwaensis on 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a dominant HMO. Specifically, we demonstrate that two genes in a genomic locus, a putative β-galactosidase and α-fucosidase, are likely responsible for the enhanced growth on 2'-FL. The functional characterization of A. biwaensis growth on 2'-FL delineates the significance of a single genomic locus that may facilitate enhanced colonization and functional activity of select Akkermansia early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Padilla
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Ashwana D. Fricker
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Estefani Luna
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- GlycoAnalytics Core, UC San Diego, Health Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Hughes
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria E. Panzetta
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael H. Valdivia
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gilberto E. Flores
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
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3
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Sparfel L, Ratodiarivony S, Boutet-Robinet E, Ellero-Simatos S, Jolivet-Gougeon A. Akkermansia muciniphila and Alcohol-Related Liver Diseases. A Systematic Review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300510. [PMID: 38059838 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) are Gram negative commensal bacteria, degrading mucin in the intestinal mucosa, modulating intestinal permeability and inflammation in the digestive tract, liver, and blood. Some components can promote the relative abundance of A. muciniphila in the gut microbiota, but lower levels of A. muciniphila are more commonly found in people with obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, or inflammatory digestive diseases. Over-intake of ethanol can also induce a decrease of A. muciniphila, associated with dysregulation of microbial metabolite production, impaired intestinal permeability, induction of chronic inflammation, and production of cytokines. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a PRISMA search strategy, a review is performed on the bacteriological characteristics of A. muciniphila, the factors capable of modulating its relative abundance in the digestive tract and its probiotic use in alcohol-related liver diseases (alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic transplantation, partial hepatectomy). CONCLUSION Several studies have shown that supplementation with A. muciniphila can improve ethanol-related hepatic pathologies, and highlight the interest in using this bacterial species as a probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Sparfel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Sandy Ratodiarivony
- Univ Rennes, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Univ Rennes, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, F-35000, France
- Teaching Hospital, CHU Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux 35033, Rennes, F-35000, France
- INSERM, INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), U1241, INSERM 1241, Rennes, F-35000, France
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4
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Padilla L, Fricker AD, Luna E, Choudhury B, Hughes ER, Panzetta ME, Valdivia RH, Flores GE. Mechanism of 2'-Fucosyllactose degradation by Human-Associated Akkermansia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562767. [PMID: 37904935 PMCID: PMC10614881 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the first microorganisms to colonize the human gut of breastfed infants are bacteria capable of fermenting human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). One of the most abundant HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), may specifically drive bacterial colonization of the intestine. Recently, differential growth has been observed across multiple species of Akkermansia on various HMOs including 2'FL. In culture, we found growth of two species, A. muciniphila Muc T and A. biwaensis CSUN-19, in HMOS corresponded to a decrease in the levels of 2'-FL and an increase in lactose, indicating that the first step in 2'-FL catabolism is the cleavage of fucose. Using phylogenetic analysis and transcriptional profiling, we found that the number and expression of fucosidase genes from two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, GH29 and GH95, varies between these two species. During mid-log phase growth, the expression of several GH29 genes was increased by 2'-FL in both species, whereas the GH95 genes were induced only in A. muciniphila . We further show that one putative fucosidase and a β-galactosidase from A. biwaensis are involved in the breakdown of 2'-FL. Our findings indicate that that plasticity of GHs of human associated Akkermansia sp. enable access to additional growth substrates present in HMOs, including 2'-FL. Our work highlights the potential for Akkermansia to influence the development of the gut microbiota early in life and expands the known metabolic capabilities of this important human symbiont. IMPORTANCE Akkermansia are mucin degrading specialists widely distributed in the human population. Akkermansia biwaensis has recently been observed to have enhanced growth relative to other human associated Akkermansia on multiple human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). However, the mechanisms for enhanced growth are not understood. Here, we characterized the phylogenetic diversity and function of select genes involved in growth of A. biwaensis on 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a dominant HMO. Specifically, we demonstrate that two genes in a genomic locus, a putative β-galactosidase and α-fucosidase, are likely responsible for the enhanced growth on 2'-FL. The functional characterization of A. biwaensis growth on 2'-FL delineates the significance of a single genomic locus that may facilitate enhanced colonization and functional activity of select Akkermansia early in life.
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5
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Li T, Li J, Yan Q, Yang S, Jiang Z. Biochemical characterization of a novel β-galactosidase from Lacticaseibacillus zeae and its application in synthesis of lacto-N-tetraose. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6623-6634. [PMID: 37210349 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) is one of the most important components of human milk oligosaccharides, which has various beneficial health effects. β-Galactosidase is an important enzyme used in dairy processing. The transglycosylation activity of β-galactosidases offers an attractive approach for LNT synthesis. In this study, we reported for the first time the biochemical characterization of a novel β-galactosidase (LzBgal35A) from Lacticaseibacillus zeae. LzBgal35A belongs to glycoside hydrolases (GH) family 35 and shared the highest identity of 59.9% with other reported GH 35 members. The enzyme was expressed as soluble protein in Escherichia coli. The purified LzBgal35A displayed optimal activity at pH 4.5 and 55°C. It was stable within the pH range of 3.5 to 7.0 and up to 60°C. Moreover, LzBgal35A could catalyze the synthesis of LNT via transferring the galactose residue from o-nitrophenyl-β-galactopyranoside to lacto-N-triose II. Under optimal conditions, the conversion rate of LNT reached 45.4% (6.4 g/L) within 2 h, which was by far the highest yield of LNT synthesized through a β-galactosidase-mediated transglycosylation reaction. This study demonstrated that LzBgal35A has great potential application in LNT synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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6
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Li D, Wang Z, Yu Y, Li H, Luo W, Chen B, Niu G, Ding H. Biochemical Insights into a Novel Family 2 Glycoside Hydrolase with Both β-1,3-Galactosidase and β-1,4-Galactosidase Activity from the Arctic. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:521. [PMID: 37888456 PMCID: PMC10608614 DOI: 10.3390/md21100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel GH2 (glycoside hydrolase family 2) β-galactosidase from Marinomonas sp. BSi20584 was successfully expressed in E. coli with a stable soluble form. The recombinant enzyme (rMaBGA) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and characterized extensively. The specific activity of purified rMaBGA was determined as 96.827 U mg-1 at 30 °C using ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) as a substrate. The optimum pH and temperature of rMaBGA was measured as 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively. The activity of rMaBGA was significantly enhanced by some divalent cations including Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ni2+, but inhibited by EDTA, suggesting that some divalent cations might play important roles in the catalytic process of rMaBGA. Although the enzyme was derived from a cold-adapted strain, it still showed considerable stability against various physical and chemical elements. Moreover, rMaBGA exhibited activity both toward Galβ-(1,3)-GlcNAc and Galβ-(1,4)-GlcNAc, which is a relatively rare occurrence in GH2 β-galactosidase. The results showed that two domains in the C-terminal region might be contributed to the β-1,3-galactosidase activity of rMaBGA. On account of its fine features, this enzyme is a promising candidate for the industrial application of β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyi Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (B.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (B.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (B.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (B.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (B.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (B.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Guoqing Niu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Haitao Ding
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (B.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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7
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Davey LE, Malkus PN, Villa M, Dolat L, Holmes ZC, Letourneau J, Ansaldo E, David LA, Barton GM, Valdivia RH. A genetic system for Akkermansia muciniphila reveals a role for mucin foraging in gut colonization and host sterol biosynthesis gene expression. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1450-1467. [PMID: 37337046 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01407-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucophilic member of the gut microbiota, protects its host against metabolic disorders. Because it is genetically intractable, the mechanisms underlying mucin metabolism, gut colonization and its impact on host physiology are not well understood. Here we developed and applied transposon mutagenesis to identify genes important for intestinal colonization and for the use of mucin. An analysis of transposon mutants indicated that de novo biosynthesis of amino acids was required for A. muciniphila growth on mucin medium and that many glycoside hydrolases are redundant. We observed that mucin degradation products accumulate in internal compartments within bacteria in a process that requires genes encoding pili and a periplasmic protein complex, which we term mucin utilization locus (MUL) genes. We determined that MUL genes were required for intestinal colonization in mice but only when competing with other microbes. In germ-free mice, MUL genes were required for A. muciniphila to repress genes important for cholesterol biosynthesis in the colon. Our genetic system for A. muciniphila provides an important tool with which to uncover molecular links between the metabolism of mucins, regulation of lipid homeostasis and potential probiotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Davey
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Per N Malkus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Max Villa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lee Dolat
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary C Holmes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeff Letourneau
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eduard Ansaldo
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence A David
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Raphael H Valdivia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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8
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Saburi W, Ota T, Kato K, Tagami T, Yamashita K, Yao M, Mori H. Function and Structure of Lacticaseibacillus casei GH35 β-Galactosidase LBCZ_0230 with High Hydrolytic Activity to Lacto- N-biose I and Galacto- N-biose. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2023; 70:43-52. [PMID: 37599861 PMCID: PMC10432377 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2022_0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) hydrolyzes β-D-galactosidic linkages at the non-reducing end of substrates to produce β-D-galactose. Lacticaseibacillus casei is one of the most widely utilized probiotic species of lactobacilli. It possesses a putative β-galactosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 35 (GH35). This enzyme is encoded by the gene included in the gene cluster for utilization of lacto-N-biose I (LNB; Galβ1-3GlcNAc) and galacto-N-biose (GNB; Galβ1-3GalNAc) via the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system. The GH35 protein (GnbG) from L. casei BL23 is predicted to be 6-phospho-β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.85). However, its 6-phospho-β-galactosidase activity has not yet been examined, whereas its hydrolytic activity against LNB and GNB has been demonstrated. In this study, L. casei JCM1134 LBCZ_0230, homologous to GnbG, was characterized enzymatically and structurally. A recombinant LBCZ_0230, produced in Escherichia coli, exhibited high hydrolytic activity toward o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside, LNB, and GNB, but not toward o-nitrophenyl 6-phospho-β-D-galactopyranoside. Crystal structure analysis indicates that the structure of subsite -1 of LBCZ_0230 is very similar to that of Streptococcus pneumoniae β-galactosidase BgaC and not suitable for binding to 6-phospho-β-D-galactopyranoside. These biochemical and structural analyses indicate that LBCZ_0230 is a β-galactosidase. According to the prediction of LNB's binding mode, aromatic residues, Trp190, Trp240, Trp243, Phe244, and Tyr458, form hydrophobic interactions with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue of LNB at subsite +1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Saburi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomoya Ota
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Koji Kato
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University
| | | | | | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
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9
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Shuoker B, Pichler MJ, Jin C, Sakanaka H, Wu H, Gascueña AM, Liu J, Nielsen TS, Holgersson J, Nordberg Karlsson E, Juge N, Meier S, Morth JP, Karlsson NG, Abou Hachem M. Sialidases and fucosidases of Akkermansia muciniphila are crucial for growth on mucin and nutrient sharing with mucus-associated gut bacteria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1833. [PMID: 37005422 PMCID: PMC10067855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucolytic human gut microbiota specialist Akkermansia muciniphila is proposed to boost mucin-secretion by the host, thereby being a key player in mucus turnover. Mucin glycan utilization requires the removal of protective caps, notably fucose and sialic acid, but the enzymatic details of this process remain largely unknown. Here, we describe the specificities of ten A. muciniphila glycoside hydrolases, which collectively remove all known sialyl and fucosyl mucin caps including those on double-sulfated epitopes. Structural analyses revealed an unprecedented fucosidase modular arrangement and explained the sialyl T-antigen specificity of a sialidase of a previously unknown family. Cell-attached sialidases and fucosidases displayed mucin-binding and their inhibition abolished growth of A. muciniphila on mucin. Remarkably, neither the sialic acid nor fucose contributed to A. muciniphila growth, but instead promoted butyrate production by co-cultured Clostridia. This study brings unprecedented mechanistic insight into the initiation of mucin O-glycan degradation by A. muciniphila and nutrient sharing between mucus-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Shuoker
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael J Pichler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Proteomics Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiroka Sakanaka
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Haiyang Wu
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Jining Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tine Sofie Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Proteomics Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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10
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O-Mucin-degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes and their possible implication in inflammatory bowel diseases. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:331-344. [PMID: 36912232 PMCID: PMC10154620 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are modern diseases, with incidence rising around the world. They are associated with perturbation of the intestinal microbiota, and with alteration and crossing of the mucus barrier by the commensal bacteria that feed on it. In the process of mucus catabolism and invasion by gut bacteria, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) play a critical role since mucus is mainly made up by O- and N-glycans. Moreover, the occurrence of IBD seems to be associated with low-fiber diets. Conversely, supplementation with oligosaccharides, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are structurally similar to intestinal mucins and could thus compete with them towards bacterial mucus-degrading CAZymes, has been suggested to prevent inflammation. In this mini-review, we will establish the current state of knowledge regarding the identification and characterization of mucus-degrading enzymes from both cultured and uncultured species of gut commensals and enteropathogens, with a particular focus on the present technological opportunities available to further the discovery of mucus-degrading CAZymes within the entire gut microbiome, by coupling microfluidics with metagenomics and culturomics. Finally, we will discuss the challenges to overcome to better assess how CAZymes targeting specific functional oligosaccharides could be involved in the modulation of the mucus-driven cross-talk between gut bacteria and their host in the context of IBD.
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11
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Xu J, Guo L, Zhao N, Meng X, Zhang J, Wang T, Wei X, Fan M. Response mechanisms to acid stress of acid-resistant bacteria and biotechnological applications in the food industry. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:258-274. [PMID: 35114869 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.2025335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acid-resistant bacteria are more and more widely used in industrial production due to their unique acid-resistant properties. In order to survive in various acidic environments, acid-resistant bacteria have developed diverse protective mechanisms such as sensing acid stress and signal transduction, maintaining intracellular pH homeostasis by controlling the flow of H+, protecting and repairing biological macromolecules, metabolic modification, and cross-protection. Acid-resistant bacteria have broad biotechnological application prospects in the food field. The production of fermented foods with high acidity and acidophilic enzymes are the main applications of this kind of bacteria in the food industry. Their acid resistance modules can also be used to construct acid-resistant recombinant engineering strains for special purposes. However, they can also cause negative effects on foods, such as spoilage and toxicity. Herein, the aim of this paper is to summarize the research progress of molecular mechanisms against acid stress of acid-resistant bacteria. Moreover, their effects on the food industry were also discussed. It is useful to lay a foundation for broadening our understanding of the physiological metabolism of acid-resistant bacteria and better serving the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tieru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingtao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Mucin utilization by gut microbiota: recent advances on characterization of key enzymes. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:345-353. [PMID: 36695502 PMCID: PMC10154618 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota interacts with the host through the mucus that covers and protects the gastrointestinal epithelium. The main component of the mucus are mucins, glycoproteins decorated with hundreds of different O-glycans. Some microbiota members can utilize mucin O-glycans as carbons source. To degrade these host glycans the bacteria express multiple carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) such as glycoside hydrolases, sulfatases and esterases which are active on specific linkages. The studies of these enzymes in an in vivo context have started to reveal their importance in mucin utilization and gut colonization. It is now clear that bacteria evolved multiple specific CAZymes to overcome the diversity of linkages found in O-glycans. Additionally, changes in mucin degradation by gut microbiota have been associated with diseases like obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Thereby understanding how CAZymes from different bacteria work to degrade mucins is of critical importance to develop new treatments and diagnostics for these increasingly prevalent health problems. This mini-review covers the recent advances in biochemical characterization of mucin O-glycan-degrading CAZymes and how they are connected to human health.
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13
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Cloning, Expression, Purification and Characterization of the β-galactosidase PoβGal35A from Penicillium oxalicum. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00620-y. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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15
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Luan S, Duan X. A Novel Thermal-Activated β-Galactosidase from Bacillus aryabhattai GEL-09 for Lactose Hydrolysis in Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030372. [PMID: 35159524 PMCID: PMC8834341 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidase has been greatly used in the dairy industry. This study investigated a novel thermostable β-galactosidase (lacZBa) from Bacillus aryabhattai GEL-09 and evaluated the hydrolytic performance of this enzyme. Firstly, the lacZBa-encoding gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that lacZBa belonged to the glycoside hydrolase family 42. Using SDS-PAGE, we determined that the molecular weight of lacZBa was ~75 kDa. Purified lacZBa exhibited a maximum activity at 45 °C, pH 6.0, and could be activated following incubation at 45 °C for several minutes. The half-life of lacZBa at 45 °C and 50 °C was 264 h and 36 h, respectively. While Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ enhanced enzymatic activity, Cu2+ and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid inhibited enzymatic activity. Moreover, lacZBa could hydrolyze lactose and oNPG with Km values of 85.09 and 14.38 mM. Molecular docking results revealed that lacZBa efficiently recognized and catalyzed lactose. Additionally, the hydrolysis of lactose by lacZBa was studied in lactose solution and commercial milk. Lactose was completely hydrolyzed within 4 h with 8 U/mL of lacZBa at 45 °C. These results suggested that lacZBa identified in this study has potential applications in the dairy industry.
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16
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Ioannou A, Knol J, Belzer C. Microbial Glycoside Hydrolases in the First Year of Life: An Analysis Review on Their Presence and Importance in Infant Gut. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631282. [PMID: 34122357 PMCID: PMC8194493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The first year of life is a crucial period during which the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota develop to stabilize and resemble that of adults. Throughout this process, the gut microbiota has been found to contribute to the maturation of the immune system, in gastrointestinal physiology, in cognitive advancement and in metabolic regulation. Breastfeeding, the “golden standard of infant nutrition,” is a cornerstone during this period, not only for its direct effect but also due to its indirect effect through the modulation of gut microbiota. Human milk is known to contain indigestible carbohydrates, termed human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), that are utilized by intestinal microorganisms. Bacteria that degrade HMOs like Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium breve dominate the infant gut microbiota during breastfeeding. A number of carbohydrate active enzymes have been found and identified in the infant gut, thus supporting the hypothesis that these bacteria are able to degrade HMOs. It is suggested that via resource-sharing and cross-feeding, the initial utilization of HMOs drives the interplay within the intestinal microbial communities. This is of pronounced importance since these communities promote healthy development and some of their species also persist in the adult microbiome. The emerging production and accessibility to metagenomic data make it increasingly possible to unravel the metabolic capacity of entire ecosystems. Such insights can increase understanding of how the gut microbiota in infants is assembled and makes it a possible target to support healthy growth. In this manuscript, we discuss the co-occurrence and function of carbohydrate active enzymes relevant to HMO utilization in the first year of life, based on publicly available metagenomic data. We compare the enzyme profiles of breastfed children throughout the first year of life to those of formula-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Ioannou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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17
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Han W, Zhuang X. Research progress on the next‐generation probiotic
Akkermansia muciniphila
in the intestine. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration Beijing China
| | - Xuhui Zhuang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration Beijing China
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18
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Cao R, Zhang TC, Chen YR, Cao C, Chen H, Huang YF, Fujita M, Liu L, Voglmeir J. Aberration of Serum and Tissue N-Glycans in Mouse β1,4-GalT1 Y286L Mutant Variants. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:767-775. [PMID: 32926333 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
β1,4-GalT1 is a type II membrane glycosyltransferase. It catalyzes the production of lactose in the lactating mammary gland and is supposedly also involved in the galactosylation of terminal GlcNAc of complex-type N-glycans. In-vitro studies of the bovine β4Gal-T1 homolog showed that replacing a single residue of tyrosine with leucine at position 289 alters the donor substrate specificity from UDP-Gal to UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine (UDP-GalNAc). The effect of this peculiar change in β1,4GalT1 specificity was investigated in-vivo, by generating biallelic Tyr286Leu β1,4GalT1 mice using CRISPR/Cas9 and crossbreeding. Mice bearing this mutation showed no appreciable defects when compared to wild-type mice, with the exception of biallelic female B4GALT1 mutant mice, which were unable to produce milk. The detailed comparison of wild-type and mutant mice derived from liver, kidney, spleen, and intestinal tissues showed only small differences in their N-glycan pattern. Comparable N-glycosylation was also observed in HEK 293 wild-type and knock-out B4GALT1 cells. Remarkably and in contrast to the other analyzed tissue samples, sialylation and galactosylation of serum N-glycans of biallelic Tyr286Leu GalT1 mice almost disappeared completely. These results suggest that β1,4GalT1 plays a special role in the synthesis of serum N-glycans. The herein described Tyr286Leu β1,4GalT1 mutant mouse model may, therefore, prove useful in the investigation of the mechanism which regulates tissue-dependent galactosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cao
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Chan Zhang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Ran Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Cao
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Akkermansia muciniphila uses human milk oligosaccharides to thrive in the early life conditions in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14330. [PMID: 32868839 PMCID: PMC7459334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a well-studied anaerobic bacterium specialized in mucus degradation and associated with human health. Because of the structural resemblance of mucus glycans and free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), we studied the ability of A. muciniphila to utilize human milk oligosaccharides. We found that A. muciniphila was able to grow on human milk and degrade HMOs. Analyses of the proteome of A. muciniphila indicated that key-glycan degrading enzymes were expressed when the bacterium was grown on human milk. Our results display the functionality of the key-glycan degrading enzymes (α-l-fucosidases, β-galactosidases, exo-α-sialidases and β-acetylhexosaminidases) to degrade the HMO-structures 2′-FL, LNT, lactose, and LNT2. The hydrolysation of the host-derived glycan structures allows A. muciniphila to promote syntrophy with other beneficial bacteria, contributing in that way to a microbial ecological network in the gut. Thus, the capacity of A. muciniphila to utilize human milk will enable its survival in the early life intestine and colonization of the mucosal layer in early life, warranting later life mucosal and metabolic health.
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20
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Li D, Li S, Wu Y, Jin M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Han Y. Cloning and Characterization of a New β-Galactosidase from Alteromonas sp. QD01 and Its Potential in Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060312. [PMID: 32545859 PMCID: PMC7344425 DOI: 10.3390/md18060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) can improve the intestinal flora and have important applications in medicine. β-galactosidases could promote the synthesis of GOSs in lactose and catalyze the hydrolysis of lactose. In this study, a new β-galactosidase gene (gal2A), which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 2, was cloned from marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. QD01 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of Gal2A was 117.07 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of Gal2A were 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. At the same time, Gal2A showed wide pH stability in the pH range of 6.0–9.5, which is suitable for lactose hydrolysis in milk. Most metal ions promoted the activity of Gal2A, especially Mn2+ and Mg2+. Importantly, Gal2A exhibited high transglycosylation activity, which can catalyze the formation of GOS from milk and lactose. These characteristics indicated that Gal2A may be ideal for producing GOSs and lactose-reducing dairy products.
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21
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Takada H, Katoh T, Katayama T. Sialylated O -Glycans from Hen Egg White Ovomucin are Decomposed by Mucin-degrading Gut Microbes. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2020; 67:31-39. [PMID: 34354526 PMCID: PMC8279891 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2019_0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovomucin, a hen egg white protein, is characterized by its hydrogel-forming properties, high molecular weight, and extensive O -glycosylation with a high degree of sialylation. As a commonly used food ingredient, we explored whether ovomucin has an effect on the gut microbiota. O- Glycan analysis revealed that ovomucin contained core-1 and 2 structures with heavy modification by N -acetylneuraminic acid and/or sulfate groups. Of the two mucin-degrading gut microbes we tested, Akkermansia muciniphila grew in medium containing ovomucin as a sole carbon source during a 24 h culture period, whereas Bifidobacterium bifidum did not. Both gut microbes, however, degraded ovomucin O -glycans and released monosaccharides into the culture supernatants in a species-dependent manner, as revealed by semi-quantified mass spectrometric analysis and anion exchange chromatography analysis. Our data suggest that ovomucin potentially affects the gut microbiota through O -glycan decomposition by gut microbes and degradant sugar sharing within the community.
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22
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Characterization of three novel β-galactosidases from Akkermansia muciniphila involved in mucin degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:331-340. [PMID: 31991210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbe Akkermansia (A.) muciniphila becomes increasingly important as its prevalence is inversely correlated with different human metabolic disorders and diseases. This organism is a highly potent degrader of intestinal mucins and the hydrolyzed glycan compounds can then serve as carbon sources for the organism itself or other members of the gut microbiota via cross-feeding. Despite its importance for the hosts' health and microbiota composition, exact mucin degrading mechanisms are still mostly unclear. In this study, we identified and characterized three extracellular β-galactosidases (Amuc_0771, Amuc_0824, and Amuc_1666) from A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-835. The substrate spectrum of all three enzymes was analyzed and the results indicated a preference for different galactosidic linkages for each hydrolase. All preferred target structures are prevalent within mucins of the colonic habitat of A. muciniphila. To check a potential function of the enzymes for the degradation of mucosal glycan structures, porcine stomach mucin was applied as a model substrate. In summary, we could confirm the involvement of all three β-galactosidases from A. muciniphila in the complex mucin degradation machinery of this important gut microbe. These findings could contribute to the understanding of the molecular interactions between A. muciniphila and its host on a molecular level.
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23
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Wang M, Zheng F, Wang T, Lyu YM, Alteen MG, Cai ZP, Cui ZL, Liu L, Voglmeir J. Characterization of Stackebrandtia nassauensis GH 20 Beta-Hexosaminidase, a Versatile Biocatalyst for Chitobiose Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051243. [PMID: 30871033 PMCID: PMC6429369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An unstudied β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (SnHex) from the soil bacterium Stackebrandtia nassauensis was successfully cloned and subsequently expressed as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli. Activity tests and the biochemical characterization of the purified protein revealed an optimum pH of 6.0 and a robust thermal stability at 50 °C within 24 h. The addition of urea (1 M) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (1% w/v) reduced the activity of the enzyme by 44% and 58%, respectively, whereas the addition of divalent metal ions had no effect on the enzymatic activity. PUGNAc (O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate) strongly inhibited the enzyme in sub-micromolar concentrations. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase was able to hydrolyze β1,2-linked, β1,3-linked, β1,4-linked, and β1,6-linked GlcNAc residues from the non-reducing end of various tested glycan standards, including bisecting GlcNAc from one of the tested hybrid-type N-glycan substrates. A mutational study revealed that the amino acids D306 and E307 bear the catalytically relevant side acid/base side chains. When coupled with a chitinase, the β-N-acetylhexosaminidase was able to generate GlcNAc directly from colloidal chitin, which showed the potential of this enzyme for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Feng Zheng
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yong-Mei Lyu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Matthew G Alteen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Zhi-Peng Cai
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhong-Li Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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