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Schissel M, Best R, Liesemeyer S, Tan YD, Carlson DJ, Shaffer JJ, Avuthu N, Guda C, Carlson KA. Effect of Nora virus infection on native gut bacterial communities of Drosophila melanogaster. AIMS Microbiol 2021; 7:216-237. [PMID: 34250376 PMCID: PMC8255909 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microflora is a key component in the maintenance of health and longevity across many species. In humans and mice, nonpathogenic viruses present in the gastrointestinal tract enhance the effects of the native bacterial microbiota. However, it is unclear whether nonpathogenic gastrointestinal viruses, such as Nora virus that infects Drosophila melanogaster, lead to similar observations. Longevity analysis of Nora virus infected (NV+) and uninfected (NV-) D. melanogaster in relationship to presence (B+) or absence (B-) of the native gut bacteria using four different treatment groups, NV+/B+, NV+/B-, NV-/B+, and NV-/B-, was conducted. Data from the longevity results were tested via Kaplan-Meier analysis and demonstrated that Nora virus can be detrimental to the longevity of the organism, whereas bacterial presence is beneficial. These data led to the hypothesis that gastrointestinal bacterial composition varies from NV+ to NV- flies. To test this, NV+ and NV- virgin female flies were collected and aged for 4 days. Surface sterilization followed by dissections of the fat body and the gastrointestinal tract, divided into crop (foregut), midgut, and hindgut, were performed. Ribosomal 16S DNA samples were sequenced to determine the bacterial communities that comprise the microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of NV+ and NV- D. melanogaster. When analyzing operational taxonomic units (OTUs), the data demonstrate that the NV+ samples consist of more OTUs than NV- samples. The NV+ samples were both more rich and diverse in OTUs compared to NV-. When comparing whole body samples to specific organs and organ sections, the whole fly was more diverse in OTUs, whereas the crop was the most rich. These novel data are pertinent in describing where Nora virus infection may be occurring within the gastrointestinal tract, as well as continuing discussion between the relationship of persistent viral and bacterial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makayla Schissel
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Rebecca Best
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Shelby Liesemeyer
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Yuan-De Tan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA
| | - Darby J. Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Julie J. Shaffer
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Nagavardhini Avuthu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5805, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Carlson
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2401 11 Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
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Conte M, Martucci M, Sandri M, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. The Dual Role of the Pervasive "Fattish" Tissue Remodeling With Age. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:114. [PMID: 30863366 PMCID: PMC6400104 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aging is characterized by dramatic changes in body mass composition that include a general increase of the total fat mass. Within the fat mass, a change in the proportions of adipose tissues also occurs with aging, affecting body metabolism, and playing a central role in many chronic diseases, including insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type II diabetes. In mammals, fat accumulates as white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue, which differ both in morphology and function. While WAT is involved in lipid storage and immuno-endocrine responses, BAT is aimed at generating heat. With advancing age BAT declines, while WAT increases reaching the maximum peak by early old age and changes its distribution toward a higher proportion of visceral WAT. However, lipids tend to accumulate also within lipid droplets (LDs) in non-adipose tissues, including muscle, liver, and heart. The excess of such ectopic lipid deposition and the alteration of LD homeostasis contribute to the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned age-related diseases. It is not clear why age-associated tissue remodeling seems to lean toward lipid deposition as a "default program." However, it can be noted that such remodeling is not inevitably detrimental. In fact, such a programmed redistribution of fat throughout life could be considered physiological and even protective, in particular at extreme old age. In this regard, it has to be considered that an excessive decrease of subcutaneous peripheral fat is associated with a pro-inflammatory status, and a decrease of LD is associated with lipotoxicity leading to an increased risk of insulin resistance, type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. At variance, a balanced rate of fat content and distribution has beneficial effects for health and metabolic homeostasis, positively affecting longevity. In this review, we will summarize the present knowledge on the mechanisms of the age-related changes in lipid distribution and we will discuss how fat mass negatively or positively impacts on human health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Conte
| | - Morena Martucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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de Assis WA, Malta J, Pimenta PFP, Ramalho-Ortigão JM, Martins GF. The characterization of the fat bodies and oenocytes in the adult females of the sand fly vectors Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:501-9. [PMID: 24863740 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fat body (FB) is responsible for the storage and synthesis of the majority of proteins and metabolites secreted into the hemolymph. Oenocytes are responsible for lipid processing and detoxification. The FB is distributed throughout the insect body cavity and organized as peripheral and perivisceral portions in the abdomen, with trophocytes and oenocytes attached to the peripheral portion. Here, we investigated the morphology and the subcellular changes in the peripheral and perivisceral FBs and in oenocytes of the sand flies Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi after blood feeding. In L. longipalpis two-sized oenocytes (small and large) were identified, with both cell types displaying well-developed reticular system and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, whereas in P. papatasi, only small cells were observed. Detailed features of FBs of L. longipalpis and P. papatasi are shared either prior to or after blood feeding. The peripheral and perivisceral FBs responded to blood feeding with the development of glycogen zones and rough endoplasmic reticulum. This study provides the first detailed description of the FBs and oenocytes in sand flies, contributing significantly towards are better understanding of the biology of such important disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiviane Alves de Assis
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DBG/UFV), Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Malta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DBG/UFV), Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Filemon P Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou-CPqRR, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-MG), Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 30190-002, Brazil.
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DBG/UFV), Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP 36570-900, Brazil.
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