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Chen J, Bai T, Su J, Cong X, Lv L, Tong L, Yu H, Feng Y, Yu G. Salivary Gland Transplantation as a Promising Approach for Tear Film Restoration in Severe Dry Eye Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:521. [PMID: 38256655 PMCID: PMC10816601 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With increased awareness of dry eye disease (DED), a multitude of therapeutic options have become available. Nevertheless, the treatment of severe DED remains difficult. In a patient whose DED is related to the loss of lacrimal function without severe destruction of the salivary glands, autologous transplantation of the latter as functioning exocrine tissue to rebuild a stable tear film is an attractive idea. All three major and minor salivary glands have been used for such transplantation. Due to the complications associated with and unfavorable prognosis of parotid duct and sublingual gland transplantation, surgeons now prefer to use the submandibular gland (SMG) for such procedures. The transplantation of the SMG not only has a high survival rate, but also improves dry eye symptoms and signs for more than 20 years post-surgery. The regulation of the secretion of the transplanted SMG is critical because the denervated SMG changes its mechanism of secretion. Innovative procedures have been developed to stimulate secretion in order to prevent the obstruction of the Wharton's duct and to decrease secretion when postoperative "epiphora" occurs. Among the minor salivary glands, the transplantation of the labial salivary glands is the most successful in the long-term. The measurement of the flow rates of minor salivary glands and donor-site selection are critical steps before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianyi Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiazeng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Lan Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tong Ren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Louis Tong
- Cornea and External Eye Disease Service, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore 168751, Singapore;
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Eye-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Haozhe Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
| | - Yun Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
| | - Guangyan Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Wu YH, Xu H, Yao QT, Liu SH, Yakupu A, Lu LD, Shi L. Effect of ionizing radiation on the secretion of the paracellular pathway in rat submandibular glands. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:267-273. [PMID: 34041874 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the effects of ionizing radiation on the secretion of the paracellular pathway in rat submandibular glands (SMGs) and reveal the changes in the tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-4. METHODS A total of 24 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and irradiation groups. The irradiation groups were further divided into 1, 4, and 12 weeks groups after irradiation. One-time 20 Gy irradiation was given to the SMG area on the experimental side of the irradiation group. At 1, 4, and 12 weeks after irradiation, the secretion of SMGs was measured using the Schirmer's test. The pathological changes in the gland tissues were observed under light microscopy after hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining. The changes in the TJ ultrastructure were observed under transmission electron microscopy. The immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect the expression levels of muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor, aquaporin 5 (AQP5), and claudin-4 protein. RESULTS At 1, 4, and 12 weeks after irradiation, the secretion of SMGs in the irradiation group was significantly decreased and lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). At 1 week, the interstitial edema was observed in SMG tissues. Nuclear pyknosis, decreased number of acinar cells, and small focal necrosis with inflammatory infiltration were also observed over time. However, these changes were most evident at 12 weeks after irradiation. In the irradiation group, the TJ ultrastructure of glands at different times appeared to be fuzzy, collapsed, and had decreased electron density. Moreover, the width of TJs was remarkably decreased (P<0.01). The expression levels of M3 and AQP5 were decreased in a time-dependent manner, and the fluorescence intensity was significantly reduced after irradiation. However, the expression levels and fluorescence intensity of claudin-4 were enhanced in different degrees. CONCLUSIONS The changes in the TJ structure, the upregulation of the claudin-4 expression, and the damage in the paracellular pathway were involved in the hyposecretion of SMGs after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Wu
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People,s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830001, China
| | | | - Shao-Hua Liu
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | | | - Li-Dan Lu
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Yao QT, Wu YH, Liu SH, Song XB, Xu H, Li J, Shi L. Pilocarpine improves submandibular gland dysfunction in irradiated rats by downregulating the tight junction protein claudin-4. Oral Dis 2021; 28:1528-1538. [PMID: 33818901 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of radiation on paracellular pathway of rat submandibular glands (SMGs) and the mechanism of increasing secretion following treatment with pilocarpine. MATERIALS AND METHODS In situ irradiation models of SMGs in Wistar rats were conducted, and the glands were exposed to X-radiation at a single dose of 20 Gy. Pilocarpine was intraperitoneally injected 60 min prior to radiation and continuous 6 days postirradiation for a total of 7 days. Salivary secretion, histological changes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, alterations in tight junctions (TJs), and functional membrane proteins aquaporin-5 (AQP5) and claudin-4 mediated by the muscarinic acetylcholine M3 subtype receptor were determined at 1 and 12 weeks after irradiation. RESULTS Salivary secretion of the irradiated glands was reduced at 1 and 12 weeks. As well, acinar cell numbers, TJ width, and the levels of M3 receptor and AQP5 were decreased. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1α, and the expression of the TJ protein claudin-4 were significantly increased in irradiated SMGs. Notably, all the alterations were attenuated by pilocarpine treatment. CONCLUSIONS Pilocarpine could improve the secretory function of irradiated rat SMGs via reducing inflammation, ameliorating the structural injury of TJs, and attenuating the up-regulation of claudin-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ting Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China.,Postgraduate College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yan-Hui Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China.,Postgraduate College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shao-Hua Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Wu YH, Yao QT, Liu SH, Song XB, Yakupu APZGL, Lu LD, Shi L, Xu H. Effect of ischemic preconditioning on radiation damage to the submandibular gland in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12785. [PMID: 33786924 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of radiation on rat submandibular glands and the possible protective effects of ischemic preconditioning, the submandibular glands of Wistar rats were subjected to in situ radiation after ischemic preconditioning. The glands were exposed to X-radiation at a single dose of 20 Gy. Ischemic preconditioning was achieved by three min of ischemia and three min of reperfusion, repeated three times before irradiation. Salivary secretion, histological changes, alterations in tight junctions, and the levels of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and water secretion proteins mediated by the muscarinic acetylcholine M3 subtype receptor were determined at 1 and 12 weeks post-irradiation. In glands subjected to irradiation only, the secretion, superoxide dismutase activity, tight junction width, acinar cell number, and M3 receptor and aquaporin-5 levels were lower at 1 and 12 weeks than seen in the ischemically preconditioned irradiated glands. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor-α, malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase activity, and the expression of the tight junction protein claudin-4 were significantly higher in the irradiated only glands. Our study revealed that radiation caused a series of injury-stress responses, especially damage to the water secretion pathway mediated by the M3 receptor that ultimately led to hyposecretion, which might play an important role in the dysfunction of the irradiated only glands. Ischemic preconditioning reduced the radiation-induced injury to submandibular glands and ameliorated salivary hyposecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Wu
- Stomatology School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Qing-Ting Yao
- Stomatology School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Shao-Hua Liu
- Postgraduate College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Song
- Postgraduate College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ai-Pi-Zi-Gu-Li Yakupu
- Stomatology School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Li-Dan Lu
- Stomatology School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Postgraduate College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Stomatology School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Goncalves DF, Guzman MS, Gros R, Massensini AR, Bartha R, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Striatal Acetylcholine Helps to Preserve Functional Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Stroke. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091420961612. [PMID: 32967452 PMCID: PMC7521057 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420961612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) has been suggested to facilitate plasticity and
improve functional recovery after different types of brain lesions.
Interestingly, numerous studies have shown that striatal cholinergic
interneurons are relatively resistant to acute ischemic insults, but
whether ACh released by these neurons enhances functional recovery
after stroke is unknown. We investigated the role of endogenous
striatal ACh in stroke lesion volume and functional outcomes following
middle cerebral artery occlusion to induce focal ischemia in
striatum-selective vesicular acetylcholine transporter-deficient mice
(stVAChT-KO). As transporter expression is almost completely
eliminated in the striatum of stVAChT-KO mice, ACh release is nearly
abolished in this area. Conversely, in other brain areas, VAChT
expression and ACh release are preserved. Our results demonstrate a
larger infarct size after ischemic insult in stVAChT-KO mice, with
more pronounced functional impairments and increased mortality than in
littermate controls. These changes are associated with increased
activation of GSK-3, decreased levels of β-catenin, and a higher
permeability of the blood–brain barrier in mice with loss of VAChT in
striatum neurons. These results support a framework in which
endogenous ACh secretion originating from cholinergic interneurons in
the striatum helps to protect brain tissue against ischemia-induced
damage and facilitates brain recovery by supporting blood–brain
barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Goncalves
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Neuroscience Centre, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monica S Guzman
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - André R Massensini
- Neuroscience Centre, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Huang Y, Mao QY, Shi XJ, Cong X, Zhang Y, Wu LL, Yu GY, Xiang RL. Disruption of tight junctions contributes to hyposalivation of salivary glands in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Anat 2020; 237:556-567. [PMID: 32374057 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) plays an important role in regulating paracellular fluid transport in salivary glands; however, little is known about the involvement of TJs in diabetes salivary glands. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of TJs and their possible contribution in diabetes-induced hyposalivation. Here, we observed that the morphologies of submandibular glands (SMGs) were impaired, characterized by enlarged acini accumulation with giant secretory granules, which were significantly reduced in atrophic ducts in SMGs of db/db mice, a spontaneous model of type-2 diabetes. However, the secretory granules were increased and scattered in the acini of diabetes parotid glands (PGs). Other ultrastructural damages including swollen mitochondria, expansive endoplasmic reticulum, and autophagosomes were observed in the diabetes group. The levels of TJ proteins including claudin-1 (Cldn1) and claudin-3 (Cldn3) were increased, whereas those of claudin-4 (Cldn4), occludin (Ocln), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were decreased in SMGs of db/db mice. Higher Cldn1 and Cldn3 and lower claudin-10 (Cldn10) and Ocln levels were observed in PGs of diabetes mice. Taken together, the structures of SMGs and PGs were impaired in diabetes mice, and the disruption of TJ integrity in both SMGs and PGs may contribute to diabetes-induced hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Ying Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Jin Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
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Disruption of tight junction structure contributes to secretory dysfunction in IgG4-related sialadenitis. J Mol Histol 2019; 51:33-46. [PMID: 31865502 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IgG4-related sialadenitis (IgG4-RS) is a chronic fibro-inflammatory disease characterized by swelling of salivary glands and varying degrees of xerostomia. Tight junctions (TJs) play an essential role in maintaining secretory function by regulating the paracellular flow of ions and water. However, whether TJs are altered and contribute to the hyposecretion in IgG4-RS is not fully understood. Here, a total of 399 differentially expressed proteins were identified in IgG4-RS submandibular glands (SMGs) and enriched in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and the salivary secretion. Real-time PCR results showed that the mRNA levels of claudin-3, -4, -6, -7, -8, -10, -12, occludin, and ZO-1 were significantly lower, whereas claudin-1 and -5 were higher in IgG4-RS SMGs. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining revealed that claudin-1, -3, -4, occludin, and ZO-1 were mainly distributed at apicolateral membranes in acini and ducts of SMGs from controls, whereas claudin-1 protein intensity at apicolateral membrane was elevated, while the staining of claudin-3, -4, and ZO-1 were reduced in IgG4-RS SMGs. Occludin was dispersed into cytoplasm of acini and ducts in SMGs of patients. Among them, claudin-3 and ZO-1 protein levels were positively correlated with saliva flow rate. Furthermore, the decreased fluorescence intensity of F-actin at peri-apicolateral membranes and the loss of ZO-1 staining at the same location were observed in acinar and ductal cells of IgG4-RS SMGs, which might be responsible for disorganization of TJ complex. Taken together, these findings indicate that the integrity of TJ complex of SMGs is impaired and might contribute to hyposalivation of IgG4-RS patients.
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Cong X, Min SN, Wu LL, Cai ZG, Yu GY. [Role and mechanism of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the regulation of submandibular gland secretion]. JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:390-396. [PMID: 31209407 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), including M1-M5 subtypes, are classic receptors in regulating water, ion, and solute transport in salivary gland. Our work focuses on the studies on the expression pattern and function of mAChR in the submandibular gland (SMG), and the underlying mechanism involved in the mAChR-regulated secretion, together with the effect of parasympathectomy on the salivary secretion. Microvascular autotransplantation of SMG into the temporal fossa provides a continuous and endogenous source of fluids, and is currently an effective method for treating severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. By using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence, our data demonstrated that the expression of M1 and M3 subtypes were decreased in latent period in rabbit SMG autotransplantation model, whereas carbachol stimulation promoted the salivary secretion, as well as M1 and M3 expressions. By contrast, mAChRs were hypersensitive in epiphora SMGs, whereas atropine gel and botulinum toxin A application significantly inhibited the hypersecretion in both animal models and patients. Furthermore, the possible intracellular signal molecules involved in the mAChR-modulated salivary secretion were explored. Activation of mAChR upregulated the expression of aquaporin 5 (AQP5), the main transporter that mediated water secretion through transcellular pathway, and led to AQP5 trafficking from lipid rafts to non-lipid microdomain. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was involved in the mAChR-regulated AQP5 content. mAChR activation also modulated the expression, distribution, and function of tight junction proteins, and increased paracellular permeability. ERK1/2/β-arrestin2/clathrin/ubiquitin signaling pathway was responsible for the mAChR-regulated downregulation of tight junction molecule claudin-4. Cytoskeleton filamentous actin (F-actin) was also involved in the distribution and barrier function of epithelial tight junctions. Besides, endothelial tight junctions were opened by mAChR agonist-evoked salivation in the mice. Furthermore, parasympathetic denervation increased resting salivary secretion in the long terminrats and minipigs. Taken together, our work demonstrated that mAChR regulated saliva secretion via transcellular and paracellular pathways in SMG epithelium as well as tight junction opening in SMG endothelium. Modulation of mAChR might be a promising strategy to ameliorate SMG dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - S N Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - L L Wu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Z G Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - G Y Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Zhang XM, Huang Y, Cong X, Qu LH, Zhang K, Wu LL, Zhang Y, Yu GY. Parasympathectomy increases resting secretion of the submandibular gland in minipigs in the long term. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9515-9524. [PMID: 30387129 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathectomy leads to retrogressive alteration and dysfunction of the submandibular gland (SMG) within 1 month, but its long-term effect is unclear. Excessive secretion is observed in half of the patients 4-6 months after SMG transplantation, which completely denervates the gland. Here, we investigated the long-term effect of parasympathectomy on the secretion of SMGs in minipigs. The results showed that the resting salivary secretion of SMGs decreased by 82.9% of that in control at 2 months after denervation, but increased by 156% at 6 months. Although experiencing an atrophic period, the denervated glands regained their normal morphology by 6 months. The expression of the function-related proteins, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) 3, aquaporin 5 (AQP5), tight junction protein claudin-3, and claudin-4 was decreased at 2 months after denervation. Meanwhile, the protein expression of stem cell markers, including sex-determining region Y-box 2 and octamer-binding transcription factor 4, and the number of Ki67+ cells were significantly increased. However, at 6 months after denervation, the expression of mAChR3, AQP5, claudin-1, claudin-3, and claudin-4 was significantly raised, and the membrane distribution of these proteins was increased accordingly. The autonomic axonal area of the glands was reduced at 2 months after denervation but returned to the control level at 6 months, suggesting that reinnervation took place in the long term. In summary, parasympathectomy increases resting secretion of the SMGs in the long term with a possible mechanism involving improved transepithelial fluid transport. This finding may provide a new strategy for xerostomia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Han Qu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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10
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Zhang X, Yang N, Liu X, Su J, Cong X, Wu L, Zhang Y, Yu G. Autonomic reinnervation and functional regeneration in autologous transplanted submandibular glands in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 10:14. [PMID: 29695713 PMCID: PMC5944256 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous submandibular gland (SMG) transplantation has been proved to ameliorate the discomforts in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The transplanted glands underwent a hypofunctional period and then restored secretion spontaneously. This study aims to investigate whether autonomic nerves reinnervate the grafts and contribute to the functional recovery, and further determine the origin of these nerves. Parts of the transplanted SMGs were collected from the epiphora patients, and a rabbit SMG transplantation model was established to fulfill the serial observation on the transplanted glands with time. The results showed that autonomic nerves distributed in the transplanted SMGs and parasympathetic ganglionic cells were observed in the stroma of the glands. Low-dense and unevenly distributed cholinergic axons, severe acinar atrophy and fibrosis were visible in the patients’ glands 4–6 months post-transplantation, whereas the cholinergic axon density and acinar area were increased with time. The acinar area or the secretory flow rate of the transplanted glands was statistically correlated with the cholinergic axon density in the rabbit model, respectively. Meanwhile, large cholinergic nerve trunks were found to locate in the temporal fascia lower to the gland, and sympathetic plexus concomitant with the arteries was observed both in the adjacent fascia and in the stroma of the glands. In summary, the transplanted SMGs are reinnervated by autonomic nerves and the cholinergic nerves play a role in the morphological and functional restoration of the glands. Moreover, these autonomic nerves might originate from the auriculotemporal nerve and the sympathetic plexus around the supplying arteries. Regenerated nerves play a role in restoring the function of transplanted submandibular glands (SMGs) in treating dry eye syndrome. Dry eye syndrome, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is a leading cause of patients visiting ophthalmologists, and one effective treatment in severe cases is transplanting SMGs (to the temporal area). Autonomic nerves have an important function in maintaining the secretory function of salivary glands, and a team headed by Yan Zhang and Guang-Yan Yu at Peking University, China investigated whether those nerves underwent reinnervation (restoration of nerve control) with transplanted SMGs in KCS patients and in a rabbit model. The authors found that in both the patients and rabbit model, the transplanted SMGs were reinnervated and the regenerated nerves played a role in restoring the glands’ function. The findings offer new insights into managing SMG transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Zhang
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ningyan Yang
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazeng Su
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Liling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Guangyan Yu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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11
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Ca 2+-CaMKKβ pathway is required for adiponectin-induced secretion in rat submandibular gland. J Mol Histol 2017; 49:99-110. [PMID: 29243095 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin functions as a promoter of saliva secretion in rat submandibular gland via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased paracellular permeability. Ca2+ mobilization is the primary signal for fluid secretion in salivary acinar cells. However, whether intracellular Ca2+ mobilization is involved in adiponectin-induced salivary secretion is unknown. Here, we found that full-length adiponectin (fAd) increased intracellular Ca2+ and saliva secretion in submandibular glands. Pre-perfusion with ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) combined with thapsigargin (TG), an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, abolished fAd-induced salivary secretion, AMPK phosphorylation, and enlarged tight junction (TJ) width. Furthermore, in cultured SMG-C6 cells, co-pretreatment with EGTA and TG suppressed fAd-decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and increased 4-kDa FITC-dextran flux responses. Moreover, fAd increased phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKKβ), a major kinase that is activated by elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+, but not liver kinase B1 phosphorylation. Pre-perfusion of the isolated gland with STO-609, an inhibitor of CaMKKβ, abolished fAd-induced salivary secretion, AMPK activation, and enlarged TJ width. CaMKKβ shRNA suppressed, whereas CaMKKβ re-expression rescued fAd-increased paracellular permeability. Taken together, these results indicate that adiponectin induced Ca2+ modulation in rat submandibular gland acinar cells. Ca2+-CaMKKβ pathway is required for adiponectin-induced secretion through mediating AMPK activation and increase in paracellular permeability in rat submandibular glands.
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Ding C, Cong X, Zhang XM, Li SL, Wu LL, Yu GY. Decreased interaction between ZO-1 and occludin is involved in alteration of tight junctions in transplanted epiphora submandibular glands. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:225-234. [PMID: 28332063 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) in salivary epithelium play an important role in regulating saliva secretion. Autologous transplantation of submandibular glands (SMGs) is an effective method to treat severe dry eye syndrome. However, epiphora occurs in some patients 6 months after transplantation. We previously found that the acinar TJs are enlarged in rabbit SMGs after long-term transplantation, but the exact TJ components involved in the epiphora are still unknown. Here, we found that the mRNA and protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin were increased in the transplanted SMGs obtained from epiphora patients, while other TJs were unchanged. The intensity of ZO-1 and occludin at the apicolateral membranes as well as occludin in the cytoplasm were increased in epiphora SMGs, but the interaction between ZO-1 and occludin was decreased as evidenced by both co-immunoprecipitation assay and co-immunofluorescence staining. Mechanically, the expression of casein kinase 2α (CK2α) and CK2β, which was reported to affect occludin modification and the interaction of occludin with ZO-1 in previous literatures, were increased in epiphora glands. Moreover, activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) by carbachol directly decreased the interaction between ZO-1 and occludin and increased the acinar TJ width in the freshly isolated human SMGs, whereas these effects were abolished by pretreatment with CK2 inhibitor. Taken together, our findings suggest that decreased interaction between ZO-1 and occludin might contribute to the epiphora occurred in the transplanted SMGs, and mAChR together with the intracellular molecule CK2 might be responsible for the alteration of TJs in epiphora glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ding
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Center Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Lin Li
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases and Center Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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