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Eastman AC, Rosson G, Kim N, Kang S, Raraigh K, Goff LA, Merlo C, Lechtzin N, Cutting GR, Sharma N. Establishment of a conditionally reprogrammed primary eccrine sweat gland culture for evaluation of tissue-specific CFTR function. J Cyst Fibros 2024:S1569-1993(24)00783-5. [PMID: 38969603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweat chloride concentration is used both for CF diagnosis and for tracking CFTR modulator efficacy over time, but the relationship between sweat chloride and lung health is heterogeneous and informed by CFTR genotype. Here, we endeavored to characterize ion transport in eccrine sweat glands (ESGs). METHODS First, ESGs were microdissected from a non-CF skin donor to analyze individual glands. We established primary cultures of ESG cells via conditional reprogramming for functional testing of ion transport by short circuit current measurement and examined cell composition by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) comparing with whole dissociated ESGs. Secondly, we cultured nasal epithelial (NE) cells and ESGs from two people with CF (pwCF) to assess modulator efficacy. Finally, NEs and ESGs were grown from one person with the CFTR genotype F312del/F508del to explore genotype-phenotype heterogeneity. RESULTS ESG primary cells from individuals without CF demonstrated robust ENaC and CFTR function. scRNA-seq demonstrated both secretory and ductal ESG markers in cultured ESG cells. In both NEs and ESGs from pwCF homozygous for F508del, minimal baseline CFTR function was observed, and treatment with CFTR modulators significantly enhanced function. Notably, NEs from an individual bearing F312del/F508del exhibited significant baseline CFTR function, whereas ESGs from the same person displayed minimal CFTR function, consistent with observed phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study has established a novel primary culture technique for ESGs that allows for functional ion transport measurement to assess modulator efficacy and evaluate genotype-phenoytpe heterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported application of conditional reprogramming and scRNA-seq of microdissected ESGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Eastman
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Miller Research Building, 733N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gedge Rosson
- Johns Hopkins Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 601N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Noori Kim
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department Medicine, Division of Dermatology, 601N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sewon Kang
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department Medicine, Division of Dermatology, 601N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Karen Raraigh
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Miller Research Building, 733N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Loyal A Goff
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Miller Research Building, 733N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christian Merlo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Noah Lechtzin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Garry R Cutting
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Miller Research Building, 733N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Miller Research Building, 733N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Autophagy, not apoptosis, plays a role in lumen formation of eccrine gland organoids. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:324-332. [PMID: 35108227 PMCID: PMC8812595 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sweat secreted by eccrine sweat glands is transported to the skin surface through the lumen. The eccrine sweat gland develops from the initial solid bud to the final gland structure with a lumen, but how the lumen is formed and the mechanism of lumen formation have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of lumen formation of eccrine gland organoids (EGOs). Methods: Human eccrine sweat glands were isolated from the skin for tissue culture, and the primary cultured cells were collected and cultured in Matrigel for 14 days in vitro. EGOs at different development days were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to observe morphological changes and for immunofluorescence staining of proliferation marker Ki67, cellular motility marker filamentous actin (F-actin), and autophagy marker LC3B. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Ki67, F-actin, and LC3B. Moreover, apoptosis was detected using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis assay kit, and the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and Caspase-3 was detected by Western blot. In addition, 3-methyladenine (3MA) was used as an autophagy inhibitor to detect whether the formation of sweat glands can be effectively inhibited. Results: The results showed that a single gland cell proliferated rapidly and formed EGOs on day 4. The earliest lumen formation was observed on day 6. From day 8 to day 14, the rate of lumen formation in EGOs increased significantly. The immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses showed that the expression of Ki67 gradually decreased with the increase in days, while the F-actin expression level did not change. Notably, the expression of autophagy marker LC3B was detected in the interior cells of EGOs as the apoptosis signal of EGOs was negative. Compared with the control group, the autophagy inhibitor 3MA can effectively limit the formation rate of the lumen and reduce the inner diameter of EGOs. Conclusion: Using our model of eccrine gland 3D-reconstruction in Matrigel, we determined that autophagy rather than apoptosis plays a role in the lumen formation of EGOs.
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Chen L, Du L, Zhang L, Xie S, Zhang X, Li H. EGFR inhibitor AG1478 blocks the formation of 3D structures mainly through ERK signaling pathway in Matrigel-induced 3D reconstruction of eccrine sweat gland-like structures. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:191-197. [PMID: 32219645 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
EGFR signaling plays important roles in the development of eccrine sweat glands. We previously demonstrate that Matrigel induces eccrine sweat gland cells to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) structures of eccrine sweat glands, but the mechanisms are still unknown. In the study, eccrine sweat gland cells were cultured within a 3D Matrigel, and EGFR inhibitor AG1478, or MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, were added to the medium respectively. The morphology of the 3D-reconstructed eccrine sweat gland-like structures was observed, the localization of phospho-EGFR was detected, and protein levels of EGFR, phospho-EGFR, phospho-JAK, phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK were examined. The results showed that cells treatment with AG1478 from Day 0 of 3D cultures blocked formation of spheroid-like structures. AG1478 administration caused reduced phospho-EGFR, concomitant with downregulation of phospho-ERK1/2, but not phospho-JAK or phospho-AKT. Phospho-EGFR and phospho-ERK were reduced, and only a small number of 3D-structures were formed following treatment with U0126. We conclude that EGFR plays important roles in Matrigel-induced 3D structures of eccrine sweat gland-like structures, and ERK1/2 signaling is responsible, at least in part, for the effect of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lijie Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan Province, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Sitian Xie
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China.
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 32 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
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Li H, Chen L, Zhang M, Xie S, Zhang C. Detection of fluid secretion of three-dimensional reconstructed eccrine sweat glands by magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:53-58. [PMID: 30390354 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed eccrine sweat glands have similar structures as native eccrine sweat glands, but whether the 3D reconstructed sweat glands appropriately secrete fluid is still unknown. In this study, Matrigel-embedded human eccrine sweat gland cells or Matrigel alone were implanted into the groin subcutis of the nude mice. Ten weeks post-implantation, images of the subcutaneously formed plugs, as well as footpads of rats, pre- and post-pilocarpine/normal saline (NS) injection were acquired using a fat-suppressed proton density-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence at 7.0 T, and the regions of interest (ROIs) in plugs and rat footpads were analysed and graphed. A significant increase in the ROI mean proton intensity occurred in both 3D reconstructed and native eccrine sweat glands after pilocarpine injection. The mean proton intensity had no noticeable changes in ROIs of Matrigel plugs between pre- and post-pilocarpine injection, and in ROIs of rat footpads between pre- and post-NS injection. In conclusion, the 3D reconstructed sweat glands possess fluid secretion, which is detectable by fat-suppressed proton density-weighted MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liyun Chen
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sitian Xie
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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Zhang M, Li H, Xie S, Chen L. Time course of differentiation of different cell types in 3D-reconstructed eccrine sweat glands. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:567-575. [PMID: 30238337 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal basal cells invaginate into the dermis to form sweat ducts, which then grow downwards further to form secretory coils during the ontogenesis of eccrine sweat glands, but the time course of differentiation of different cell types in 3D-reconstructed eccrine sweat glands remain unclear. In this study, secretory cell-specific marker K7, clear secretory cell-specific marker CA II, dark secretory cell-specific marker GCDFP-15, myoepithelial cell-specific marker α-SMA, inner duct cell-specific marker S100P and outer duct cell-specific marker S100A2 were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that S100P and S100A2 were first detected at 2 weeks post implantation, K7 and α-SMA at 3 weeks, and GCDFP-15 and CA II at 4 weeks. The differentiation of ducts preceded secretory coils in 3D-reconstructed eccrine sweat glands. After 8 weeks post implantation, the distribution of these markers in 3D-reconstructed eccrine sweat glands was similar to that in native ones, and the percentage of the 3D-reconstructed glands expressing these markers maintained steady. We conclude that although the 3D-reconstructed and native eccrine sweat glands originated from different cells, the differentiation of different cell types in 3D-reconstructed eccrine sweat glands parallels the sequence observed during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sitian Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyun Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
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Ouyang Z, Li HH, Zhang MJ, Xie ST, Cheng LHH. Differential Innervation of Secretory Coils and Ducts in Human Eccrine Sweat Glands. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:1964-1968. [PMID: 30082528 PMCID: PMC6085860 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.238142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrate that eccrine sweat glands are innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic nerves. However, it is still unknown whether the secretory coils and ducts of eccrine sweat glands are equally innervated by the sympathetic nerve fibers. To well understand the mechanisms on sweat secretion and reabsorption, the differential innervation of secretory coils and ducts in human eccrine sweat glands was investigated in the study. METHODS From June 2016 to June 2017, six human skins were fixed, paraffin-embedded, and cut into 5 μm-thick sections, followed by costaining for nerve fiber markers protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and eccrine sweat gland markers K7, S100P, and K14 by combining standard immunofluorescence with tyramide signal amplification (IF-TSA). Stained sections were observed under the microscope, photographed, and analyzed. RESULTS The fluorescent signals of PGP 9.5, TH, and VIP were easily visualized, by IF-TSA, as circular patterns surrounding eccrine sweat glands, but only PGP 9.5 could be observed by standard IF. The IF-TSA method is more sensitivity than standard IF in detecting antigens expressed at low levels. PGP 9.5, TH, and VIP appeared primarily surrounding the secretory coils and sparsely surrounding the sweat ducts. CONCLUSION Sweat secretion is mainly controlled by autonomic nerves whereas sweat reabsorption is less affected by nerve activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Ouyang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Hai-Hong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ming-Jun Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Si-Tian Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Liu-Hang-Hang Cheng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Li H, Chen L, Zhang M, Xie S, Cheng L. Expression and localization of Forkhead transcription factor A1 in the three-dimensional reconstructed eccrine sweat glands. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:520-524. [PMID: 29909922 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously studies showed that Forkhead transcription factor A1 (FoxA1) was associated with sweat secretion. To investigate the expression and localization of FoxA1 in the three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed eccrine sweat glands, eccrine sweat gland cells were transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice with Matrigel, and at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks post-transplantation, the reconstructed eccrine sweat glands were removed and immunostained for FoxA1 and co-immunostained for FoxA1 and eccrine sweat markers, K7, carbonic anhydrase II (CA Ⅱ), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and FoxA1 and sweat secretion-related proteins, Na+-K+-ATPase α and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). The results showed that FoxA1-positive cells weren't detected until 3 weeks post-implantation, a time point of the differntiation of secretory coil-like structures. From the fourth week on, the number of FoxA1-positive cells increased and thereafter maintained at a high number. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that FoxA1-positive cells co-expressed dark cell marker GCDFP-15 and myoepithelial cell marker α-SMA, as well as secretion-related proteins, Na+-K+-ATPase α and NKCC1 in both the native and reconstructed eccrine sweat glands. In conclusion, FoxA1 might be related to the development and differentiation of secretory coil-like structures, as well as the secretory function of the 3D reconstructed eccrine sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Liyun Chen
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sitian Xie
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liuhanghang Cheng
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Zhang M, Li H, Chen L, Fang S, Xie S, Lin C. Three-dimensional reconstructed eccrine sweat glands with vascularization and cholinergic and adrenergic innervation. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:339-345. [PMID: 29667149 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional integrity of the regenerated tissues requires not only structural integrity but also vascularization and innervation. We previously demonstrated that the three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed eccrine sweat glands had similar structures as those of the native ones did, but whether the 3D reconstructed glands possessing vascularization and innervation was still unknown. In the study, Matrigel-embedded eccrine sweat gland cells were implanted under the inguinal skin. Ten weeks post-implantation, the vascularization, and innervation in the 10-week reconstructed eccrine sweat glands and native human eccrine sweat glands were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that the fluorescent signals of general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5, adrenergic nerve fiber marker tyrosine hydroxylase, and cholinergic nerve fiber markers acetylcholinesterase and vasoactive intestinal peptide embraced the 3D reconstructed glands in circular patterns, as the signals appeared in native eccrine sweat glands. There were many CD31- and von Willebrand factor-positive vessels growing into the plugs. We demonstrated that the 3D reconstructed eccrine sweat glands were nourished by blood vessels, and we for the first time demonstrated that the engineering sweat glands were innervated by both cholinergic and adrenergic fibers. In conclusion, the 3D reconstructed eccrine sweat glands may have functions as the native ones do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Liyun Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuhua Fang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sitian Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changmin Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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