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Salisbury SJ, Daniels RR, Monaghan SJ, Bron JE, Villamayor PR, Gervais O, Fast MD, Sveen L, Houston RD, Robinson N, Robledo D. Keratinocytes drive the epithelial hyperplasia key to sea lice resistance in coho salmon. BMC Biol 2024; 22:160. [PMID: 39075472 PMCID: PMC11287951 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonid species have followed markedly divergent evolutionary trajectories in their interactions with sea lice. While sea lice parasitism poses significant economic, environmental, and animal welfare challenges for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exhibit near-complete resistance to sea lice, achieved through a potent epithelial hyperplasia response leading to rapid louse detachment. The molecular mechanisms underlying these divergent responses to sea lice are unknown. RESULTS We characterized the cellular and molecular responses of Atlantic salmon and coho salmon to sea lice using single-nuclei RNA sequencing. Juvenile fish were exposed to copepodid sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), and lice-attached pelvic fin and skin samples were collected 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, and 60 h after exposure, along with control samples. Comparative analysis of control and treatment samples revealed an immune and wound-healing response that was common to both species, but attenuated in Atlantic salmon, potentially reflecting greater sea louse immunomodulation. Our results revealed unique but complementary roles of three layers of keratinocytes in the epithelial hyperplasia response leading to rapid sea lice rejection in coho salmon. Our results suggest that basal keratinocytes direct the expansion and mobility of intermediate and, especially, superficial keratinocytes, which eventually encapsulate the parasite. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the key role of keratinocytes in coho salmon's sea lice resistance and the diverged biological response of the two salmonid host species when interacting with this parasite. This study has identified key pathways and candidate genes that could be manipulated using various biotechnological solutions to improve Atlantic salmon sea lice resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Salisbury
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - R Ruiz Daniels
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - J E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - P R Villamayor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - O Gervais
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M D Fast
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - R D Houston
- Benchmark Genetics, 1 Pioneer BuildingMilton Bridge, Edinburgh TechnopolePenicuik, UK
| | - N Robinson
- Nofima AS, Tromsø, Norway.
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, 3225, Australia.
| | - D Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Silverman JB, Krystofiak EE, Caplan LR, Lau KS, Tyska MJ. Intestinal tuft cells assemble a cytoskeletal superstructure composed of co-aligned actin bundles and microtubules. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585757. [PMID: 38562898 PMCID: PMC10983963 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background & Aims All tissues consist of a distinct set of cell types, which collectively support organ function and homeostasis. Tuft cells are a rare epithelial cell type found in diverse epithelia, where they play important roles in sensing antigens and stimulating downstream immune responses. Exhibiting a unique polarized morphology, tuft cells are defined by an array of giant actin filament bundles that support ∼2 μm of apical membrane protrusion and extend over 7 μm towards the cell's perinuclear region. Despite their established roles in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis, tuft cells remain understudied due to their rarity (e.g. ∼ 1% in the small intestinal epithelium). Details regarding the ultrastructural organization of the tuft cell cytoskeleton, the molecular components involved in building the array of giant actin bundles, and how these cytoskeletal structures support tuft cell biology remain unclear. Methods To begin to answer these questions, we used advanced light and electron microscopy to perform quantitative morphometry of the small intestinal tuft cell cytoskeleton. Results We found that tuft cell core bundles consist of actin filaments that are crosslinked in a parallel "barbed-end out" configuration. These polarized structures are also supported by a unique group of tuft cell enriched actin-binding proteins that are differentially localized along the giant core bundles. Furthermore, we found that tuft cell actin bundles are co-aligned with a highly ordered network of microtubules. Conclusions Tuft cells assemble a cytoskeletal superstructure that is well positioned to serve as a track for subcellular transport along the apical-basolateral axis and in turn, support the dynamic sensing functions that are critical for intestinal epithelial homeostasis. SYNOPSIS This research leveraged advanced light and electron microscopy to perform quantitative morphometry of the intestinal tuft cell cytoskeleton. Three-dimensional reconstructions of segmented image data revealed a co-aligned actin-microtubule superstructure that may play a fundamental role in tuft cell function.
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Silverman JB, Vega PN, Tyska MJ, Lau KS. Intestinal Tuft Cells: Morphology, Function, and Implications for Human Health. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:479-504. [PMID: 37863104 PMCID: PMC11193883 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Tuft cells are a rare and morphologically distinct chemosensory cell type found throughout many organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. These cells were identified by their unique morphologies distinguished by large apical protrusions. Ultrastructural data have begun to describe the molecular underpinnings of their cytoskeletal features, and tuft cell-enriched cytoskeletal proteins have been identified, although the connection of tuft cell morphology to tuft cell functionality has not yet been established. Furthermore, tuft cells display variations in function and identity between and within tissues, leading to the delineation of distinct tuft cell populations. As a chemosensory cell type, they display receptors that are responsive to ligands specific for their environment. While many studies have demonstrated the tuft cell response to protists and helminths in the intestine, recent research has highlighted other roles of tuft cells as well as implicated tuft cells in other disease processes including inflammation, cancer, and viral infections. Here, we review the literature on the cytoskeletal structure of tuft cells. Additionally, we focus on new research discussing tuft cell lineage, ligand-receptor interactions, tuft cell tropism, and the role of tuft cells in intestinal disease. Finally, we discuss the implication of tuft cell-targeted therapies in human health and how the morphology of tuft cells may contribute to their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Silverman
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Paige N Vega
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
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Sebastian A, Martin KA, Peran I, Hum NR, Leon NF, Amiri B, Wilson SP, Coleman MA, Wheeler EK, Byers SW, Loots GG. Loss of Cadherin-11 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma alters tumor-immune microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1286861. [PMID: 37954069 PMCID: PMC10639148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1286861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the top five deadliest forms of cancer with very few treatment options. The 5-year survival rate for PDAC is 10% following diagnosis. Cadherin 11 (Cdh11), a cell-to-cell adhesion molecule, has been suggested to promote tumor growth and immunosuppression in PDAC, and Cdh11 inhibition significantly extended survival in mice with PDAC. However, the mechanisms by which Cdh11 deficiency influences PDAC progression and anti-tumor immune responses have yet to be fully elucidated. To investigate Cdh11-deficiency induced changes in PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME), we crossed p48-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+ (KPC) mice with Cdh11+/- mice and performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the non-immune (CD45-) and immune (CD45+) compartment of KPC tumor-bearing Cdh11 proficient (KPC-Cdh11+/+) and Cdh11 deficient (KPC-Cdh11+/-) mice. Our analysis showed that Cdh11 is expressed primarily in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and at low levels in epithelial cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cdh11 deficiency altered the molecular profile of CAFs, leading to a decrease in the expression of myofibroblast markers such as Acta2 and Tagln and cytokines such as Il6, Il33 and Midkine (Mdk). We also observed a significant decrease in the presence of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils in KPC-Cdh11+/- tumors while the proportion of T cells was increased. Additionally, myeloid lineage cells from Cdh11-deficient tumors had reduced expression of immunosuppressive cytokines that have previously been shown to play a role in immune suppression. In summary, our data suggests that Cdh11 deficiency significantly alters the fibroblast and immune microenvironments and contributes to the reduction of immunosuppressive cytokines, leading to an increase in anti-tumor immunity and enhanced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimy Sebastian
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Kelly A. Martin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Ivana Peran
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Hum
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Nicole F. Leon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Beheshta Amiri
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Stephen P. Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Coleman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth K. Wheeler
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Stephen W. Byers
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, United States
- University of California Davis Health, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Cornelison R, Marrah L, Fierti A, Piczak C, Glowczyk M, Tajammal A, Lynch S, Li H. The Potential for Targeting AVIL and Other Actin-Binding Proteins in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14196. [PMID: 37762498 PMCID: PMC10531751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft-tissue cancer with a survival rate below 27% for high-risk children despite aggressive multi-modal therapeutic interventions. After decades of research, no targeted therapies are currently available. Therapeutically targeting actin-binding proteins, although promising, has historically been challenging. Recent advances have made this possibility more salient, including our lab's identification of advillin (AVIL), a novel oncogenic actin-binding protein that plays a role in many cytoskeletal functions. AVIL is overexpressed in many RMS cell lines, patient-derived xenograft models, and a cohort of 30 clinical samples of both the alveolar (ARMS) and embryonal (ERMS) subtypes. Overexpression of AVIL in mesenchymal stem cells induces neoplastic transformation both in vitro and in vivo, and reversing overexpression through genetic modulation reverses the transformation. This suggests a critical role of AVIL in RMS tumorigenesis and maintenance. As an actin-binding protein, AVIL would not traditionally be considered a druggable target. This perspective will address the feasibility of targeting differentially expressed actin-binding proteins such as AVIL therapeutically, and how critical cell infrastructure can be damaged in a cancer-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Sun J, Li MX, Xie YM, Zhang YR, Chai YR. Thymic tuft cells: potential "regulators" of non-mucosal tissue development and immune response. Immunol Res 2023; 71:554-564. [PMID: 36961668 PMCID: PMC10037390 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
As the leading central immune organ, the thymus is where T cells differentiate and mature, and plays an essential regulatory role in the adaptive immune response. Tuft cells, as chemosensory cells, were first found in rat tracheal epithelial, later gradually confirmed to exist in various mucosal and non-mucosal tissues. Although tuft cells are epithelial-derived, because of their wide heterogeneity, they show functions similar to cholinergic and immune cells in addition to chemosensory ability. As newly discovered non-mucosal tuft cells, thymic tuft cells have been demonstrated to be involved in and play vital roles in immune responses such as antigen presentation, immune tolerance, and type 2 immunity. In addition to their unique functions in the thymus, thymic tuft cells have the characteristics of peripheral tuft cells, so they may also participate in the process of tumorigenesis and virus infection. Here, we review tuft cells' characteristics, distribution, and potential functions. More importantly, the potential role of thymic tuft cells in immune response, tumorigenesis, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection was summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xin Li
- Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Meng Xie
- School of Fine Arts of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100, Kexuedadao Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Rong Chai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100, Kexuedadao Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Li L, Ma M, Duan T, Sui X. The critical roles and therapeutic implications of tuft cells in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1047188. [PMID: 36569325 PMCID: PMC9780677 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1047188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuft cells are solitary chemosensory epithelial cells with microvilli at the top, which are found in hollow organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lungs. Recently, an increasing number of studies have revealed the chemotactic abilities and immune function of the tuft cells, and numerous efforts have been devoted to uncovering the role of tuft cells in tumors. Notably, accumulating evidence has shown that the specific genes (POU2F3, DCLK1) expressed in tuft cells are involved in vital processes related with carcinogenesis and cancer development. However, the interaction between the tuft cells and cancer remains to be further elucidated. Here, based on an introduction of biological functions and specific markers of the tuft cells, we have summarized the functional roles and potential therapeutic implications of tuft cells in cancers, including pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, and liver cancer, which is in the hope of inspiring the future research in validating tuft cells as novel strategies for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ting Duan, ; Xinbing Sui,
| | - Xinbing Sui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ting Duan, ; Xinbing Sui,
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Schneider C. Tuft cell integration of luminal states and interaction modules in tissues. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1713-1722. [PMID: 34635955 PMCID: PMC8528756 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory processes are integral to the physiology of most organisms. This function is typically performed by specialized cells that are able to detect input signals and to convert them to an output dedicated to a particular group of target cells. Tuft cells are cholinergic chemosensory epithelial cells capable of producing immunologically relevant effector molecules. They are scattered throughout endoderm-derived hollow organs and function as sensors of luminal stimuli, which has been best studied in mucosal barrier epithelia. Given their epithelial origin and broad distribution, and based on their interplay with immune pathways, tuft cells can be considered a prototypical example of how complex multicellular organisms engage innate immune mechanisms to modulate and optimize organ physiology. In this review, I provide a concise overview of tuft cells and discuss how these cells influence organ adaptation to dynamic luminal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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