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Fu W, Liu G, Kim SH, Kim B, Kim OS, Ma G, Yang Y, Liu D, Zhu S, Kang JS, Kim O. Effects of 625 nm light-emitting diode irradiation on preventing ER stress-induced apoptosis via GSK-3β phosphorylation in MC3T3-E1. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38214077 DOI: 10.1111/php.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to cell apoptosis and interferes with bone homeostasis. Although photobiomodulation (PBM) might be used for ER stress-induced diseases, the role of PBM in relieving cell apoptosis remains unknown. During ER stress, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is critical; however, its functions in PBM remain uncertain. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of GSK-3β in 625 nm light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI) relieving tunicamycin (TM)-induced apoptosis. Based on the results, pre-625 nm LEDI (Pre-IR) phosphorylated GSK-3β via ROS production. Compared with the TM group, Pre-IR + TM group reduced the phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α) and B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio through regulating GSK-3β. Furthermore, a similar tendency was observed between Pre-IR + TM and Pre-LiCl+TM groups in preventing TM-induced early and late apoptosis. In summary, this study suggests that the Pre-IR treatment in TM-induced ER stress is beneficial for preventing cell apoptosis via GSK-3β phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Fu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Guo Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Byunggook Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ok-Su Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Guowu Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Dental Implant Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Xiao Y, Xie X, Chen Z, Yin G, Kong W, Zhou J. Advances in the roles of ATF4 in osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115864. [PMID: 37948991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by reduced bone mass, decreased strength, and enhanced bone fragility fracture risk. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a role in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, redox balance, amino acid uptake, and glycolipid metabolism. ATF4 induces the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) into osteoblasts, increases osteoblast activity, and inhibits osteoclast formation, promoting bone formation and remodeling. In addition, ATF4 mediates the energy metabolism in osteoblasts and promotes angiogenesis. ATF4 is also involved in the mediation of adipogenesis. ATF4 can selectively accumulate in osteoblasts. ATF4 can directly interact with RUNT-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and up-regulate the expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and osterix (Osx). Several upstream factors, such as Wnt/β-catenin and BMP2/Smad signaling pathways, have been involved in ATF4-mediated osteoblast differentiation. ATF4 promotes osteoclastogenesis by mediating the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) signaling. Several agents, such as parathyroid (PTH), melatonin, and natural compounds, have been reported to regulate ATF4 expression and mediate bone metabolism. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the biological activities of ATF4 in maintaining bone homeostasis and inhibiting OP development. ATF4 has become a therapeutic target for OP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaosheng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xunlu Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Guoqiang Yin
- Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Weihao Kong
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Zhong M, Wu Z, Chen Z, Ren Q, Zhou J. Advances in the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum stress and osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115134. [PMID: 37437374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main site for protein synthesis, folding, and secretion, and accumulation of the unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER may induce ER stress. ER stress is an important participant in various intracellular signaling pathways. Prolonged- or high-intensity ER stress may induce cell apoptosis. Osteoporosis, characterized by imbalanced bone remodeling, is a global disease caused by many factors, such as ER stress. ER stress stimulates osteoblast apoptosis, increases bone loss, and promotes osteoporosis development. Many factors, such as the drug's adverse effects, metabolic disorders, calcium ion imbalance, bad habits, and aging, have been reported to activate ER stress, resulting in the pathological development of osteoporosis. Increasing evidence shows that ER stress regulates osteogenic differentiation, osteoblast activity, and osteoclast formation and function. Various therapeutic agents have been developed to counteract ER stress and thereby suppress osteoporosis development. Thus, inhibition of ER stress has become a potential target for the therapeutic management of osteoporosis. However, the in-depth understanding of ER stress in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis still needs more effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhong
- College of Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qun Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Yang Y, Kim OS, Liu G, Lee BN, Liu D, Fu W, Zhu S, Kang JS, Kim B, Kim O. Effects of Red LED Irradiation in Enhancing the Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119767. [PMID: 37298716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin regeneration is the preferred method used to preserve dental pulp vitality after pulp exposure due to caries. Red light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI), which is based on photobiomodulation (PBM), has been used to promote hard-tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism still needs elucidation. This study aimed to explore the mechanism involved in red LEDI affecting dentin regeneration. Alizarin red S (ARS) staining revealed that red LEDI induced mineralization of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in vitro. We further distinguished the cell proliferation (0-6 d), differentiation (6-12 d), and mineralization (12-18 d) of HDPCs in vitro and treated cells either with or without red LEDI in each stage. The results showed that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, increased mineralized nodule formation around HDPCs. Western blot also indicated that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, upregulated the expression of dentin matrix marker proteins (dentin sialophosphoprotein, DSPP; dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1; osteopontin, OPN) and an intracellular secretory vesicle marker protein (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, LAMP1). Therefore, the red LEDI might enhance the matrix vesicle secretion of HDPCs. On the molecular level, red LEDI enhanced mineralization by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (ERK and P38). ERK and P38 inhibition reduced mineralized nodule formation and the expression of relevant marker proteins. In summary, red LEDI enhanced the mineralization of HDPCs by functioning to produce a positive effect in the mineralization stage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Dental Implant Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Su Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Guo Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin-Na Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenqi Fu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunggook Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Fu W, Im YG, Kim B, Kim OS, Yang Y, Song J, Liu D, Zhu S, Kang JS, Kim O. 625 nm Light Irradiation Prevented MC3T3-E1 Cells from Accumulation of Misfolded Proteins via ROS and ATP Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119257. [PMID: 37298212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts must acquire a considerable capacity for folding unfolded and misfolded proteins (MPs) to produce large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins and maintain bone homeostasis. MP accumulation contributes to cellular apoptosis and bone disorders. Photobiomodulation therapy has been used to treat bone diseases, but the effects of decreasing MPs with photobiomodulation remain unclear. In this study, we explored the efficacy of 625 nm light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI) to reduce MPs in tunicamycin (TM) induced-MC3T3-E1 cells. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chaperone, is used to evaluate the capacity of folding MPs. The results revealed that pretreatment with 625 nm LEDI (Pre-IR) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to the increased chaperone BiP through the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/X-box binding protein 1s (XBP-1s) pathway, and then restoration of collagen type I (COL-I) and osteopontin (OPN) expression relieving cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the translocation of BiP into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen might be followed by a high level of ATP production. Taken together, these results suggest that Pre-IR could be beneficial to prevent MP accumulation through ROS and ATP in TM-induced MC3T3-E1cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Fu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Gwan Im
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunggook Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Su Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianan Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Okjoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Yu TT, Hu J, Li QR, Peng XC, Xu HZ, Han N, Li LG, Yang XX, Xu X, Yang ZY, Chen H, Chen X, Wang MF, Li TF. Chlorin e6-induced photodynamic effect facilitates immunogenic cell death of lung cancer as a result of oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109661. [PMID: 36608440 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of the immune microenvironment is an important endogenous contributor to treatment failure in lung cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used in the treatment of malignant tumors owing to its photo-selectivity and minimal side effects. Some studies have shown the ability of photodynamic action not only to cause photo-cytotoxicity to tumor cells but also to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, the mechanism by which PDT enhances tumor immunogenicity is poorly understood. The present study aimed to explore the immunogenicity effect of PDT on lung cancer and to reveal the underlying mechanism. First, we searched for effective conditions for PDT-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Just as expected, chlorin e6 (Ce6) PDT could enhance the immunogenicity of lung cancer cells alongside the induction of apoptosis, characterized by up-regulation of CRT, HSP90, HMGB1 and MHC-I. Further results showed the generation of ROS by Ce6 PDT under the above conditions, which is an oxidative damaging agent. Simultaneously, PDT induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cells, as evidenced by enhanced Tht staining and up-regulated CHOP and GRP78 expression. Moreover, PDT led to DNA damage response (DDR) as well. However, the redox inhibitor NAC abolished the ER stress and DDR caused by PDT. More importantly, NAC also attenuated PDT-induced improvement of immunogenicity in lung cancer. On this basis, the PDT-induced CRT up-regulation was found to be attenuated in response to inhibition of ER stress. In addition, PDT-induced increase in HMGB1 and HSP90 release was blocked by inhibition of DDR. In summary, Ce6 PDT could produce ROS under certain conditions, which leads to ER stress that promotes CRT translocation to the cell membrane, and the resulting DNA damage causes the expression and release of nuclear HMGB1 and HSP90, thereby enhancing the immunogenicity of lung cancer. This current study elucidates the mechanism of PDT in ameliorating the immunogenicity of lung cancer, providing a rationale for PDT in regulating the immune microenvironment for the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yu
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Qi-Rui Li
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xing-Chun Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Avenue No. 185, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Liu-Gen Li
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yang
- School Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Zi-Yi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Avenue No. 185, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mei-Fang Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China.
| | - Tong-Fei Li
- Department of Respiratory, Taihe Hospital of Shiyan, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road, No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China; Department of Pathology, Sinopharm DongFeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Renmin Road No. 30, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China.
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