1
|
Kurago Z, Loveless J. Microbial Colonization and Inflammation as Potential Contributors to the Lack of Therapeutic Success in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:739499. [PMID: 35048056 PMCID: PMC8757816 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.739499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the microenvironment of evolving and established conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma, by far the most common oral cancer. The focus of this paper is mainly on the more recent data that describe the role of microorganisms, host-microbial interactions, and in particular, the contributions of cell-surface toll-like receptors on immune system cells and on normal and malignant epithelial cells to their functions that support carcinogenesis. Because carcinomas arising at various host surfaces share much in common, additional information available from studies of other carcinomas is included in the discussion. Accumulating evidence reveals the complex toll-like receptor-mediated tumor-supporting input into many aspects of carcinogenesis via malignant cells, stromal immune cells and non-immune cells, complicating the search for effective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Kurago
- Augusta University Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States.,Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jenni Loveless
- Augusta University Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hofmann L, Ludwig S, Schuler PJ, Hoffmann TK, Brunner C, Theodoraki MN. The Potential of CD16 on Plasma-Derived Exosomes as a Liquid Biomarker in Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113739. [PMID: 32466374 PMCID: PMC7312379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are highly immune suppressive and aggressive malignancies. As part of the tumor microenvironment, exosomes contribute to this immune suppression. The Fc receptor CD16 is widely expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells and is involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, surface levels of CD16 on total exosomes and tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) from plasma of HNSCC patients were analyzed regarding their potential as liquid biomarkers for disease stage. Exosomes were isolated from plasma using mini size exclusion chromatography. TEX were enriched by immune affinity capture with CD44v3 antibodies. On-bead flow cytometry was used to measure CD16 levels on total exosomes and TEX. The results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Total exosomes from HNSCC patients had significantly higher CD16 levels compared to TEX. Further, CD16 surface levels of total exosomes, but not TEX, correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Patients with advanced tumor stages T3/4 and Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stages III/IV had significantly higher CD16 levels on total exosomes compared to patients with early tumor stages T1/2 and UICC stages I/II, respectively. Overall, CD16 positive exosomes have the potential as liquid biomarkers for HNSCC tumor stage and aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hofmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.H.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Patrick J. Schuler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.H.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Thomas K. Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.H.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.H.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (L.H.); (P.J.S.); (T.K.H.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elsayed R, Kurago Z, Cutler CW, Arce RM, Gerber J, Celis E, Sultan H, Elashiry M, Meghil M, Sun C, Auersvald CM, Awad ME, Zeitoun R, Elsayed R, Eldin M Elshikh M, Isales C, Elsalanty ME. Role of dendritic cell-mediated immune response in oral homeostasis: A new mechanism of osteonecrosis of the jaw. FASEB J 2020; 34:2595-2608. [PMID: 31919918 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901819rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are an important link between innate and adaptive immune response. The role of dendritic cells in bone homeostasis, however, is not understood. Osteoporosis medications that inhibit osteoclasts have been associated with osteonecrosis, a condition limited to the jawbone, thus called medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. We propose that disruption of the local immune response renders the oral microenvironment conducive to osteonecrosis. We tested whether zoledronate (Zol) treatment impaired dendritic cell (DC) functions and increased bacterial load in alveolar bone in vivo and whether DC inhibition alone predisposed the animals to osteonecrosis. We also analyzed the role of Zol in impairment of differentiation and function of migratory and tissue-resident DCs, promoting disruption of T-cell activation in vitro. Results demonstrated a Zol induced impairment in DC functions and an increased bacterial load in the oral cavity. DC-deficient mice were predisposed to osteonecrosis following dental extraction. Zol treatment of DCs in vitro caused an impairment in immune functions including differentiation, maturation, migration, antigen presentation, and T-cell activation. We conclude that the mechanism of Zol-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw involves disruption of DC immune functions required to clear bacterial infection and activate T cell effector response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zoya Kurago
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roger M Arce
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer Gerber
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Esteban Celis
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hussein Sultan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed Meghil
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Christina Sun
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline M Auersvald
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed E Awad
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rana Zeitoun
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Riham Elsayed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Mohey Eldin M Elshikh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Carlos Isales
- Department of neuroscience and regenerative medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed E Elsalanty
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Palani CD, Ramanathapuram L, Lam-ubol A, Kurago ZB. Toll-like receptor 2 induces adenosine receptor A2a and promotes human squamous carcinoma cell growth via extracellular signal regulated kinases ½. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6814-6829. [PMID: 29467931 PMCID: PMC5805517 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) not associated with Human papillomavirus remains problematic. OSCC microenvironment is typically inflamed and colonized by microorganisms, providing ligands for toll-like receptors (TLR). In immune cells TLR2 and TLR4 activate NF-kB and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways, leading to upregulation of inhibitory adenosine receptors A2a and A2b, and reduction in stimulatory A1 and A3. How TLR and adenosine receptors function in SCC cells is not understood. To address this gap, we evaluated TLR and adenosine receptor expression and function in human OSCC cells and keratinocytes. TLR2 and A2a were co-expressed in pre-cancer and SCC cells of 17 oral specimens. In vitro, 5/6 OSCC lines expressed more TLR2 than TLR1, 4 or 6 mRNA. TLR2 ligands stimulated A2a expression in TLR2-high cell lines, but no A1 or A3 was detected with or without stimuli. In TLR2-high OSCC, TLR2/1, 2/6 and adenosine receptor agonists activated ERK1/2. TLR2-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation resulted in accumulation of c-FOS, ERK-dependent cell proliferation and reduced caspase-3 activity. Similar ERK1/2-dependent proliferation and decreased caspase-3 activity were caused by combined TLR2 and adenosine receptor stimuli. We conclude that TLR2 and adenosine receptor agonists, known to be present in the tumor microenvironment, may contribute to OSCC progression in part via direct effects on the ERK1/2 pathway in squamous carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aroonwan Lam-ubol
- Faculty of Dentistry Srinakharinwirot University, Wattana, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zoya B. Kurago
- Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Utispan K, Koontongkaew S. Fibroblasts and macrophages: Key players in the head and neck cancer microenvironment. J Oral Biosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Dineshkumar T, Ashwini BK, Rameshkumar A, Rajashree P, Ramya R, Rajkumar K. Salivary and Serum Interleukin-6 Levels in Oral Premalignant Disorders and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Diagnostic Value and Clinicopathologic Correlations. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:4899-4906. [PMID: 28032493 PMCID: PMC5454693 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2016.17.11.4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the diagnostic utility of serum and salivary interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in the differential diagnosis
of potentially malignant lesions and conditions (PMLs/PMCs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a high
oral cancer prevalence region. Methods: After appropriate ethical clearance and informed consent, salivary and blood
samples were collected from 100 participants in each group (OSCC, PMLs, and healthy controls). Serum and salivary
IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and data were subjected to appropriate statistical
analysis. Results: Significant differences in IL-6 concentration were noted between OSCC and PML/C patients in both
serum and saliva, with salivary levels being 2 to 3 fold higher than serum values in all the groups. Receiver operating
characteristic curve analysis demonstrated 96% specificity and 99% sensitivity for salivary IL-6 in differentiating
PML from OSCC. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, is
elevated in the saliva of patients with OSSC compared to PMD and controls, and thus may prove to have diagnostic
and/or prognostic significance.
Collapse
|
7
|
Partlová S, Bouček J, Kloudová K, Lukešová E, Zábrodský M, Grega M, Fučíková J, Truxová I, Tachezy R, Špíšek R, Fialová A. Distinct patterns of intratumoral immune cell infiltrates in patients with HPV-associated compared to non-virally induced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e965570. [PMID: 25949860 PMCID: PMC4368144 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.965570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most important etiologic causes of oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC were reported to have a better clinical outcome than patients with HPV-negative cancers. However, little is known about the possible causes of different clinical outcomes. In this study, we analyzed a detailed immune profile of tumor samples from HNSCC patients with respect to their HPV status. We analyzed the characteristics of immune cell infiltrates, including the frequency and distribution of antigen-presenting cells and naïve, regulatory and effector T cells and the cytokine and chemokine levels in tumor tissue. There was a profound difference in the extent and characteristics of intratumoral immune cell infiltrates in HNSCC patients based on their HPV status. In contrast to HPV-negative tumor tissues, HPV-positive tumor samples showed significantly higher numbers of infiltrating IFNγ+ CD8+ T lymphocytes, IL-17+ CD8+ T lymphocytes, myeloid dendritic cells and proinflammatory chemokines. Furthermore, HPV-positive tumors had significantly lower expression of Cox-2 mRNA and higher expression of PD1 mRNA compared to HPV-negative tumors. The presence of a high level of intratumoral immune cell infiltrates might play a crucial role in the significantly better response of HPV-positive patients to standard therapy and their favorable clinical outcome. Furthermore, characterization of the HNSCC immune profile might be a valuable prognostic tool in addition to HPV status and might help identify novel targets for therapeutic strategies, including cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Partlová
- Sotio, Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bouček
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University and Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Institute of Microbiology ASCR ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Kloudová
- Sotio, Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Lukešová
- Department of Experimental Virology; Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Genetics and Microbiology; Faculty of Science; Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zábrodský
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; 1st Faculty of Medicine; Charles University and Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Grega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University and Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Sotio, Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ruth Tachezy
- Department of Experimental Virology; Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion ; Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Genetics and Microbiology; Faculty of Science; Charles University ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Špíšek
- Sotio, Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Fialová
- Sotio, Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Charles University; Motol University Hospital ; Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee YY, Choi CH, Sung CO, Do IG, Huh S, Song T, Kim MK, Kim HJ, Kim TJ, Lee JW, Kim BG, Bae DS. Prognostic value of pre-treatment circulating monocyte count in patients with cervical cancer: comparison with SCC-Ag level. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 124:92-7. [PMID: 22014631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher level of circulating monocyte has been reported to be related with higher cancer incidence and mortality. We investigated the role of pre-treatment circulating monocyte count for cancer specific survival in cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients comparing with pre-treatment squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCC-Ag) level. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (FIGO stage IB to IVA) who had complete blood cell counts with differential cell count and serum SCC-Ag level within 2 weeks before starting initial treatment and were treated at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from 1996 to 2007. RESULTS The 788 patients in our study group had a median follow-up of 53.4 months and a five-year survival rate of 87.8%. The median value for pre-treatment circulating monocyte count was 349/μl (21-1463), and the median concentration of SCC-Ag was 1.6 ng/ml (0.1-362.0). In multivariable analysis, the pre-treatment circulating monocyte count was an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival and overall survival in locally advanced disease (P=0.007 and P=0.038) but not in case of SCC-Ag for overall survival. The combined index of monocyte count and SCC-Ag level could enhance the prognostic value of SCC-Ag alone in patients with locally advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS A higher pre-treatment circulating monocyte count is independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with locally advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The pre-treatment circulating monocyte count may be considered as an adjunctive biomarker with SCC-Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Young Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dendritic Cells (DC) Facilitate Detachment of Squamous Carcinoma Cells (SCC), While SCC Promote an Immature CD16(+) DC Phenotype and Control DC Migration. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 6:41-55. [PMID: 21809059 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the inflammatory mucosal microenvironment of head and neck SCC (HNSCC), DC express CD16 and are usually in direct contact with tumor cells. Mucosal and inflammation-associated DC develop from monocytes, and monocyte-derived DC are used in HNSCC immunotherapy. However, beyond apoptotic tumor cell uptake and presentation of tumor antigens by DC, HNSCC cell interactions with DC are poorly understood. Using co-cultures of monocyte-derived DC and two established HNSCC cell lines that represent well- and poorly-differentiated SCC, respectively, we found that carcinoma cells induced significant increases in CD16 expression on DC while promoting a CD1a(+)CD86(dim) immature phenotype, similar to that observed in HNSCC specimens. Moreover, HNSCC cells affected steady-state and CCL21-induced migration of DC, and these effects were donor-dependent. The CCL21-induced migration directly correlated with HNSCC-mediated effects on CCR7 and CD38 expression on DC-SIGN-high DC. The dominant pattern seen in six out of nine donors was the increase in steady-state and CCL21-induced DC migration in co-cultures with HNSCC, while the reverse pattern, i.e., decreased DC migration in co-cultures with SCC, was identified in two donors. A split in migratory DC behavior, i.e. increase with one HNSCC cell line and a decrease with the second cell line, was observed in one donor. Remarkably, the numbers of live detached HNSCC cells were orders of magnitude higher in DC-HNSCC co-cultures than in parallel HNSCC cell cultures without DC. This study provides novel insights into the effects of DC-HNSCC interactions relevant to the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
|