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Liu D, Cao S, Zhou Y, Xiong Y. Recent advances in endotoxin tolerance. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:56-70. [PMID: 30246452 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is defined as a reduced capacity of a cell to respond endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) challenge after an initial encounter with endotoxin in advance. The body becomes tolerant to subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of endotoxin and cytokines release and cell/tissue damage induced by inflammatory reaction are significantly reduced in the state of endotoxin tolerance. The main characteristics of endotoxin tolerance are downregulation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Therefore, endotoxin tolerance is often regarded as the regulatory mechanism of the host against excessive inflammation. Endotoxin tolerance is a complex pathophysiological process and involved in multiple cellular signal pathways, receptor alterations, and biological molecules. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive up to date. To better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance, it is crucial to investigate the comprehensive cellular signal pathways, signaling proteins, cell surface molecules, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and other mediators. Endotoxin tolerance plays an important role in reducing the mortality of sepsis, endotoxin shock, and other endotoxin-related diseases. Recent reports indicated that endotoxin tolerance is also related to other diseases such as cystic fibrosis, acute coronary syndrome, liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent advances in endotoxin tolerance mainly based on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by outline the current state of the knowledge of the involvement of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways, negative regulate factor, microRNAs, apoptosis, chromatin modification, and gene reprogramming of immune cells in endotoxin tolerance. We hope to provide a new idea and scientific basis for the rational treatment of endotoxin-related diseases such as endotoxemia, sepsis, and endotoxin shock clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yejiang Zhou
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Grčević D, Sironi M, Valentino S, Deban L, Cvija H, Inforzato A, Kovačić N, Katavić V, Kelava T, Kalajzić I, Mantovani A, Bottazzi B. The Long Pentraxin 3 Plays a Role in Bone Turnover and Repair. Front Immunol 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 29556234 PMCID: PMC5845433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory mediator acting as a fluid-phase pattern recognition molecule and playing an essential role in innate immunity and matrix remodeling. Inflammatory mediators also contribute to skeletal homeostasis, operating at multiple levels in physiological and pathological conditions. This study was designed to investigate the role of PTX3 in physiological skeletal remodeling and bone healing. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and bone histomorphometry of distal femur showed that PTX3 gene-targeted female and male mice (ptx3−/−) had lower trabecular bone volume than their wild-type (ptx3+/+) littermates (BV/TV by μCT: 3.50 ± 1.31 vs 6.09 ± 1.17 for females, p < 0.0001; BV/TV 9.06 ± 1.89 vs 10.47 ± 1.97 for males, p = 0.0435). In addition, μCT revealed lower trabecular bone volume in second lumbar vertebra of ptx3−/− mice. PTX3 was increasingly expressed during osteoblast maturation in vitro and was able to reverse the negative effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on osteoblast differentiation. This effect was specific for the N-terminal domain of PTX3 that contains the FGF2-binding site. By using the closed transversal tibial fracture model, we found that ptx3−/− female mice formed significantly less mineralized callus during the anabolic phase following fracture injury compared to ptx3+/+ mice (BV/TV 17.05 ± 4.59 vs 20.47 ± 3.32, p = 0.0195). Non-hematopoietic periosteal cells highly upregulated PTX3 expression during the initial phase of fracture healing, particularly CD51+ and αSma+ osteoprogenitor subsets, and callus tissue exhibited concomitant expression of PTX3 and FGF2 around the fracture site. Thus, PTX3 supports maintenance of the bone mass possibly by inhibiting FGF2 and its negative impact on bone formation. Moreover, PTX3 enables timely occurring sequence of callus mineralization after bone fracture injury. These results indicate that PTX3 plays an important role in bone homeostasis and in proper matrix mineralization during fracture repair, a reflection of the function of this molecule in tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Grčević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sironi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Livija Deban
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Oxford BioTherapeutics Ltd., Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Hrvoje Cvija
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nataša Kovačić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Katavić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kelava
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Kalajzić
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmingam, CT, United States
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Ikić Matijašević M, Flegar D, Kovačić N, Katavić V, Kelava T, Šućur A, Ivčević S, Cvija H, Lazić Mosler E, Kalajzić I, Marušić A, Grčević D. Increased chemotaxis and activity of circulatory myeloid progenitor cells may contribute to enhanced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in the C57BL/6 mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:321-335. [PMID: 27612450 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to determine the functional activity of different osteoclast progenitor (OCP) subpopulations and signals important for their migration to bone lesions, causing local and systemic bone resorption during the course of collagen-induced arthritis in C57BL/6 mice. Arthritis was induced with chicken type II collagen (CII), and assessed by clinical scoring and detection of anti-CII antibodies. We observed decreased trabecular bone volume of axial and appendicular skeleton by histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography as well as decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption rate in arthritic mice in vivo. In the affected joints, bone loss was accompanied with severe osteitis and bone marrow hypercellularity, coinciding with the areas of active osteoclasts and bone erosions. Flow cytometry analysis showed increased frequency of putative OCP cells (CD3- B220- NK1.1- CD11b-/lo CD117+ CD115+ for bone marrow and CD3- B220- NK1.1- CD11b+ CD115+ Gr-1+ for peripheral haematopoietic tissues), which exhibited enhanced differentiation potential in vitro. Moreover, the total CD11b+ population was expanded in arthritic mice as well as CD11b+ F4/80+ macrophage, CD11b+ NK1.1+ natural killer cell and CD11b+ CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cell populations in both bone marrow and peripheral blood. In addition, arthritic mice had increased expression of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, CC chemokine ligand-2 (Ccl2) and Ccl5, with increased migration and differentiation of circulatory OCPs in response to CCL2 and, particularly, CCL5 signals. Our study characterized the frequency and functional properties of OCPs under inflammatory conditions associated with arthritis, which may help to clarify crucial molecular signals provided by immune cells to mediate systemically enhanced osteoresorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ikić Matijašević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Flegar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Kovačić
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Katavić
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Kelava
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Šućur
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Ivčević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - H Cvija
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - E Lazić Mosler
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Kalajzić
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - D Grčević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Molecular Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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