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Erdem S, Simsek DH, Degirmenci E, Aydin R, Bagbudar S, Ozluk Y, Sanli Y, Sanli O, Ozcan F. How accurate is 68Gallium-prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography / computed tomography ( 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT) on primary lymph node staging before radical prostatectomy in intermediate and high risk prostate cancer? A study of patient- and lymph node- based analyses. Urol Oncol 2021; 40:6.e1-6.e9. [PMID: 34400066 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Gallium-68 (68Ga)-Prostate Membrane Specific Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (68Ga-PSMA PET/CT) is an emerging diagnostic modality which is gaining importance in individualized prostate cancer (PCa) management era. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT on primary LN staging before radical prostatectomy (RP) in intermediate and high risk PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS The retrospectively documented 49 patients with intermediate and high risk non-metastatic PCa who had 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT before RP were enrolled into this study. The histopathology of dissected LNs was used as reference standard to evaluate the accuracy of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT on primary LN staging, both in per-patient (n = 49) and in per-node (n = 454) analyses. The diagnostic accuracy was investigated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), and by area under the curve (AUC) provided using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Median age was 64 (48-79) years and, median and mean PSA values were 10 (1.31-138) ng/ml and 16.2 (±19.8) ng/ml, respectively. 22 (44.9%) and 27 (55.1%) of patients had intermediate and high risk PCa, respectively. A total of 5 (10.2%) patients had histopathologically proven LN metastasis and 3 (60%) of them was detected in 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. In per patient analysis, the sensitivity, specifity, PPV and NPV of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT on primary LN staging were 0.60, 0.96, 0.60 and 0.96, respectively. Among overall 454 LNs, 16 (3.5 %) of them were reported as metastatic in histopathology and, 13 (2.9%) of these metastatic LNs were detected in 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. In per-node analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT on primary LN staging were 0.82, 0.99, 0.87 and 0.99, respectively. The ROC analyses found AUCs for primary LN staging as 0.777 (95%CI:0.508-1.0) in per patient analysis and, as 0.904 (95%CI:0.790 - 1.0) in per node analysis, respectively. CONCLUSION The use of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT has promising diagnostic accuracy on primary LN staging before RP in intermediate and high risk PCa. However, the efforts should be taken to increase sensitivity of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in individualized treatment era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcuk Erdem
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Has Simsek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enes Degirmenci
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Resat Aydin
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sidar Bagbudar
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozluk
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Sanli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oner Sanli
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Ozcan
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Peng HH, Wang JN, Xiao LF, Yan M, Chen SP, Wang L, Yang K. Elevated Serum FGG Levels Prognosticate and Promote the Disease Progression in Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:651647. [PMID: 33995485 PMCID: PMC8117098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.651647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) threatens the health of men in general and no effective therapeutics currently exists for the treatment of CRPC. It is therefore of great importance to find a novel molecule that can be a biomarker and a therapeutic target for CRPC. First, we found that the serum fibrinogen gamma (FGG) levels in patients with CRPC were significantly higher than those with localized prostate cancer (PCa) through iTRAQ proteomics and ELISA experiments. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot also showed an increase of FGG expression in CRPC tissues and cells. Then we proved the proliferation, invasion and migration ability of CRPC cells were significantly reduced after FGG knockdown. The number of apoptotic cells increased at least sixfold after FGG silencing, and was observed in conjunction with an upregulation of p53, caspase 3, clea-caspase 3, and Bax, and a downregulation of Bcl2 and survivin. FGG knockdown in DU145 cells resulted in smaller xenografts than control cells in a mouse model. and we established that FGG is modulated by IL-6 which was increased in CRPC patients via phosphorylation of STAT3. The data suggests that FGG may be a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Peng
- Department of Urology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - J N Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - L F Xiao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - M Yan
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - S P Chen
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - K Yang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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3
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Zahra FT, Sajib MS, Mikelis CM. Role of bFGF in Acquired Resistance upon Anti-VEGF Therapy in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1422. [PMID: 33804681 PMCID: PMC8003808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic approaches targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway have been a significant research focus during the past decades and are well established in clinical practice. Despite the expectations, their benefit is ephemeral in several diseases, including specific cancers. One of the most prominent side effects of the current, VEGF-based, anti-angiogenic treatments remains the development of resistance, mostly due to the upregulation and compensatory mechanisms of other growth factors, with the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) being at the top of the list. Over the past decade, several anti-angiogenic approaches targeting simultaneously different growth factors and their signaling pathways have been developed and some have reached the clinical practice. In the present review, we summarize the knowledge regarding resistance mechanisms upon anti-angiogenic treatment, mainly focusing on bFGF. We discuss its role in acquired resistance upon prolonged anti-angiogenic treatment in different tumor settings, outline the reported resistance mechanisms leading to bFGF upregulation, and summarize the efforts and outcome of combined anti-angiogenic approaches to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Constantinos M. Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (F.T.Z.); (M.S.S.)
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4
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Zhang H, Kot A, Lay YAE, Fierro FA, Chen H, Lane NE, Yao W. Acceleration of Fracture Healing by Overexpression of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in the Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1880-1893. [PMID: 28792122 PMCID: PMC6430058 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to over‐express basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and evaluated its effects on fracture healing. Adipose‐derived mouse MSCs were transduced to express bFGF and green fluorescence protein (ADSCbFGF‐GFP). Closed‐femoral fractures were performed with osterix‐mCherry reporter mice of both sexes. The mice received 3 × 105 ADSCs transfected with control vector or bFGF via intramuscular injection within or around the fracture sites. Mice were euthanized at days 7, 14, and 35 to monitor MSC engraftment, osteogenic differentiation, callus formation, and bone strength. Compared to ADSC culture alone, ADSCbFGF increased bFGF expression and higher levels of bFGF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the culture supernatant for up to 14 days. ADSCbFGF treatment increased GFP‐labeled MSCs at the fracture gaps and these cells were incorporated into the newly formed callus. quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) from the callus revealed a 2‐ to 12‐fold increase in the expression of genes associated with nervous system regeneration, angiogenesis, and matrix formation. Compared to the control, ADSCbFGF treatment increased VEGF expression at the periosteal region of the callus, remodeling of collagen into mineralized callus and bone strength. In summary, MSCbFGF accelerated fracture healing by increasing the production of growth factors that stimulated angiogenesis and differentiation of MSCs to osteoblasts that formed new bone and accelerated fracture repair. This novel treatment may reduce the time required for fracture healing. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1880–1893
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Difficult Diagnoses and Rare Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of the Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Kot
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu-An E Lay
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Fernando A Fierro
- Stem Cell Program, UC Davis Health System, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Adult Programs Division, California Department of Social Services, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Wei Yao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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5
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Mallery SR, Wang D, Santiago B, Pei P, Schwendeman SP, Nieto K, Spinney R, Tong M, Koutras G, Han B, Holpuch A, Lang J. Benefits of Multifaceted Chemopreventives in the Suppression of the Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) Tumorigenic Phenotype. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:76-88. [PMID: 27756753 PMCID: PMC5222683 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over one third of patients who have undergone oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) surgical resections develop life-threatening and often untreatable recurrences. A variety of drugs, intended for management of recurrent or disseminated cancers, were designed to exploit cancer cells' reliance upon overexpressed receptors and gratuitous signaling. Despite their conceptual promise, clinical trials showed these agents lacked efficacy and were often toxic. These findings are consistent with evasion of pathway-targeted treatments via extensive signaling redundancies and compensatory mechanisms common to cancers. Optimal secondary OSCC chemoprevention requires long-term efficacy with multifaceted, nontoxic agents. Accordingly, this study evaluated the abilities of three complementary chemopreventives, that is, the vitamin A derivative fenretinide (4-HPR, induces apoptosis and differentiation, inhibits signaling proteins, and invasion), the estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME, apoptosis-inducing, antiangiogenic), and the humanized mAb to the IL6R receptor tocilizumab (TOC, reduces IL6 signaling) to suppress OSCC gratuitous signaling and tumorigenesis. Modeling studies demonstrated 4-HPR's high-affinity binding at STAT3's dimerization site and c-Abl and c-Src ATP-binding kinase sites. Although individual agents suppressed cancer-promoting pathways including STAT3 phosphorylation, STAT3-DNA binding, and production of the trans-signaling enabling sIL6R, maximal chemopreventive effects were observed with agent combinations. OSCC tumor xenograft studies showed that locally delivered TOC, TOC+4-HPR, and TOC+4-HPR+2-ME treatments all prevented significant tumor growth. Notably, the TOC+4-HPR+2-ME treatment resulted in the smallest overall increase in tumor volume. The selected agents use diverse mechanisms to disrupt tumorigenesis at multiple venues, that is, intracellular, tumor cell-ECM, and tumor microenvironment; beneficial qualities for secondary chemopreventives. Cancer Prev Res; 10(1); 76-88. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Methoxyestradiol
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/administration & dosage
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/adverse effects
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinogenesis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Estradiol/administration & dosage
- Estradiol/adverse effects
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/therapeutic use
- Fenretinide/administration & dosage
- Fenretinide/adverse effects
- Fenretinide/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Mouth Neoplasms/surgery
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Mallery
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daren Wang
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Santiago
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ping Pei
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kari Nieto
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Meng Tong
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - George Koutras
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Han
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrew Holpuch
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology & Radiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James Lang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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6
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Jemaa AB, Bouraoui Y, Rais NB, Nouira Y, Oueslati R. Cytokine profiling identifies an interaction of IL-6 and IL-1α to drive PSMA-PSA prostate clones. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1424-1431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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LI FUJUN, GU CHAOHUI, TIAN FENGYAN, JIA ZHANKUI, MENG ZHENGLEI, DING YINGHUI, YANG JINJIAN. miR-218 impedes IL-6-induced prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion via suppression of LGR4 expression. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2859-65. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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8
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Liu C, Zhu Y, Lou W, Cui Y, Evans CP, Gao AC. Inhibition of constitutively active Stat3 reverses enzalutamide resistance in LNCaP derivative prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2014; 74:201-9. [PMID: 24307657 PMCID: PMC4437226 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Use of enzalutamide has improved the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, resistance to enzalutamide can develop frequently in initial responders. This study aimed to test whether overexpression of IL-6 and constitutive activation of Stat3 in prostate cancer cells increase resistance to enzalutamide. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide was tested using cell growth assays and clonogenic assays. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting were performed to detect expression levels of IL-6, c-Myc, survivin, and AR. Expression of Stat3 was downregulated using siRNA specific to Stat3. ChIP assay was performed to examine recruitment of AR to the PSA promoter. RESULTS Prostate cancer cells expressing autocrine IL-6 are resistant to enzalutamide and autocrine IL-6 leads to constitutive activation of Stat3 and its target genes. Down regulation of Stat3 led to an increase in sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide. Overexpression of constitutively active Stat3 in prostate cancer cells induced resistance to enzalutamide treatment. Constitutively active Stat3 also enhanced the recruitment of AR to PSA promoter which could not be disrupted by enzalutamide. The Stat3 inhibitor AG490 reversed enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells, while combination treatment with enzalutamide and AG490 significantly inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the autocrine IL-6 pathway induces enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells via the constitutive activation of Stat3. Co-targeting IL6-Stat3 pathway with enzalutamide may be utilized for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
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Middleton K, Jones J, Lwin Z, Coward JIG. Interleukin-6: an angiogenic target in solid tumours. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:129-39. [PMID: 24029605 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, incorporating anti-angiogenic agents into the therapeutic management of a myriad of malignancies has in certain cases made a significant impact on survival. However, the development of resistance to these drugs is inevitable and swift disease progression on their cessation often ensues. Hence, there is a drive to devise strategies that aim to enhance response to anti-angiogenic therapies by combining them with other targeted agents that facilitate evasion from resistance. The pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), exerts pro-angiogenic effects in the tumour microenvironment of several solid malignancies and there is emerging evidence that reveals significant relationships between IL-6 signalling and treatment failure with antibodies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This review summarises the role of IL-6 in pivotal angiogenic processes and preclinical/clinical research to support the future introduction of anti-IL-6 therapies to be utilised either in combination with other anti-angiogenic drugs or as a salvage therapy for patients with diseases that become refractory to these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Middleton
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Joanna Jones
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Zarnie Lwin
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Jermaine I G Coward
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia; Inflammation & Cancer Therapeutics Group, Mater Research, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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10
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A comparison of the biological features of prostate cancer with (PSA+, PSMA+) profile according to RKIP. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:409179. [PMID: 23991415 PMCID: PMC3749534 DOI: 10.1155/2013/409179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate differences in the biological features of the most immunoexpressed prostate cancer (PC) profiles (PSA+, PSMA+) according to the RKIP. METHODS 19 PC with dominant Gleason grade ≥ 8 were studied. Expression of PSA, PSMA, RKIP, Raf-1, MEK-1, ERK-1, ERK-2, p-Akt (T308), p-Akt (S473), NF- κ B p50, and NF- κ Bp65 were detected immunohistochemically. RESULTS . Loss of RKIP in the most immunoexpressed PC (PSA+, PSMA+) profile was associated with increased levels of PSA and PSMA expression. Intensities of immunoreactions to PSA and PSMA were higher in cancer cells negative for RKIP (12.51 ± 1.6 and 34.95 ± 1.92) compared to those positive for RKIP (4.68 ± 1.11 and 28.56 ± 0.91). In parallel, missing RKIP expression in PC patients with PSA+, PSMA+ profile was connected with increased components of both Raf-1/MEK/ERK and NF- κ B (p65/p50), whereas Akt is activated independently of RKIP. CONCLUSIONS Although characterized by the same (PSA+, PSMA+) profile, PC phenotype missing the RKIP related to invasive potential and greater biological aggressiveness reflected in overexpression of components of Raf-1/MEK/ERK and NF- κ B (p65/p50) in which Akt is activated independently of RKIP. Taking into account the PC phenotypes according to RKIP among PSA-PSMA profiles may improve distinguishing them from cancers that will become more aggressive and therefore adapt the therapeutic strategies in those patients.
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