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Sharma P, Venkatachalam K, Binesh A. Decades Long Involvement of THP-1 Cells as a Model for Macrophage Research: A Comprehensive Review. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2024; 23:85-104. [PMID: 38676532 DOI: 10.2174/0118715230294413240415054610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have endeavored to identify dependable and reproducible in vitro models for examining macrophage behavior under controlled conditions. The THP-1 cell line has become a significant and widely employed tool in macrophage research within these models. Originating from the peripheral blood of individuals with acute monocytic leukemia, this human monocytic cell line can undergo transformation into macrophage-like cells, closely mirroring primary human macrophages when exposed to stimulants. Macrophages play a vital role in the innate immune system, actively regulating inflammation, responding to infections, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. A comprehensive understanding of macrophage biology and function is crucial for gaining insights into immunological responses, tissue healing, and the pathogenesis of diseases such as viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and neoplastic conditions. This review aims to thoroughly evaluate and emphasize the extensive history of THP-1 cells as a model for macrophage research. Additionally, it will delve into the significance of THP-1 cells in advancing our comprehension of macrophage biology and their invaluable contributions to diverse scientific domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakhar Sharma
- Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaliyamurthi Venkatachalam
- Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ambika Binesh
- Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang H, Shen Q, Zhang F, Fu Y, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Wang C, Zhao Q. Heat-treated foxtail millet protein delayed the development of pre-diabetes to diabetes in mice by altering gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles. Food Funct 2023; 14:4866-4880. [PMID: 37133422 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Millet protein has gained much attention for its beneficial effects in mitigating metabolic diseases. However, most individuals pass through a prediabetic phase before developing full-blown diabetes, and whether millet protein has hypoglycemic effects on prediabetic mice remains unclear. In the present study, heat-treated foxtail millet protein (HMP) supplementation significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, alleviated insulin resistance, and improved impaired glucose tolerance in prediabetic mice. In addition, HMP altered the intestinal flora composition, as evidenced by the reduction in the abundance of Dubosiella and Marvinbryantia and the increase in the content of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae. Moreover, HMP supplementation dramatically regulated the levels of serum metabolites (i.e., LysoPCs, 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, and sphingosine) and related metabolic pathways, such as sphingolipid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. In conclusion, the improvement of gut microbiota and serum metabolic profiles was related to the hypoglycemic potential of HMP in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qun Shen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Industrial Technology Research Institute Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxia Fu
- Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiqing Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liangxing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Kang Y, Oh S, Son Y, Yang W, Kim S, Lyu JH, Kim H. Therapeutic Effects of Pinus koraiensis on 1-Fluoro-2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene-induced Contact Dermatitis in Mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/09731296221144816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean pine nuts (Semen Pinus koraiensis ( P. koraiensis)) have been a valuable ingredient in Korean cuisine since ancient times, and the classical literature on traditional medicine states that pine nuts can moisturize skin. Aims To confirm the therapeutic efficacy of the ethanol extract of these pine nuts in an animal contact dermatitis (CD) model. Materials and Methods Korean pine nuts were extracted using 70% ethanol, and the crude extract obtained was condensed and lyophilized to produce EEPK (the 70% ethanol extract of P. koraiensis). A DNFB (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene)-induced BALB/c mouse model of CD was used to investigate the effects of EEPK on skin symptoms, histopathological abnormalities, and cytokine secretion in inflamed tissues. Results EEPK reduced skin color changes, lesion severities, and dorsal skin thickening and inhibited epidermis hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration into inflamed tissues. In addition, EEPK suppressed the productions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 but did not affect body weights or spleen/body weight ratios. Conclusion P. koraiensis has potential as a therapeutic agent for CD and as a treatment for inflammatory skin disease management products. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effects differs from that of corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntae Kang
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Oh
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Yoorae Son
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Wonjin Yang
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyo Lyu
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, South Korea
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Takala R, Ramji DP, Choy E. The Beneficial Effects of Pine Nuts and Its Major Fatty Acid, Pinolenic Acid, on Inflammation and Metabolic Perturbations in Inflammatory Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021171. [PMID: 36674687 PMCID: PMC9861571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are regulated by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Current treatments for these conditions are associated with significant side effects and do not completely suppress inflammation. The benefits of diet, especially the role of specific components, are poorly understood. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have several beneficial health effects. The majority of studies on PUFAs have been on omega-3 fatty acids. This review will focus on a less studied fatty acid, pinolenic acid (PNLA) from pine nuts, which typically constitutes up to 20% of its total fatty acids. PNLA is emerging as a dietary PUFA and a promising supplement in the prevention of inflammatory disorders or as an alternative therapy. Some studies have shown the health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and PNLA in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. However, few reviews have specifically focused on the biological and anti-inflammatory effects of PNLA. Furthermore, in recent bioinformatic studies on human samples, the expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The aim of this review is to summarize, highlight, and evaluate research findings on PNO and PNLA in relation to potential anti-inflammatory benefits and beneficial metabolic changes. In this context, the focus of the review is on the potential actions of PNLA on inflammation along with modulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress based on data from both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and human findings, including gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabaa Takala
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Tenovus Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P. Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ernest Choy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Tenovus Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Heath Park, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- Correspondence:
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He GD, Liu XC, Hou XH, Feng YQ. The effect of trimethylamine N-oxide on the metabolism of visceral white adipose tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Adipocyte 2022; 11:420-433. [PMID: 35975941 PMCID: PMC9387326 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong links have been reported among trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT), and cardiometabolic diseases. However, the effects of TMAO on vWAT in hypertension remained incompletely explored. The impact of a chronic 22-week-long treatment with 1 g/L TMAO on vWAT, and its transcriptional and metabolic changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were evaluated by serum cytokine measurements, histological analysis, fatty acid determinations, and co-expression network analyses. TMAO increased the serum interleukin-6 levels and insulin secretion in SHRs. The adipocyte size was diminished in the SHR 1 g/L TMAO group. In addition, one kind of monounsaturated fatty acids (cis-15-tetracosenoate) and four kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, docosatetraenoate, docosapentaenoate n-3, and docosapentaenoate n-6) were elevated by TMAO treatment. Three co-expression modules significantly related to TMAO treatment were identified and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that phagosome, lysosome, fatty acid metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation and metabolic pathways were the most significantly altered biological pathways. This study shed new light on the metabolic roles of TMAO on the vWAT of SHRs. TMAO regulated the metabolic status of vWAT, including reduced lipogenesis and an improved specific fatty acid composition. The mechanisms underlying these effects likely involve phagosome and lysosome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong He
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing-Hua Hou
- Research Department of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying-Qing Feng
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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Wang X, Dongzhi Z, Li Y, Xie M, Li X, Yuan R, Li B, Panichayupakaranant P, Huang S. <i>Ajania purpurea</i> Extract Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Cells and Peritonitis Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1847-1852. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science & Technology
| | - Zhuoma Dongzhi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Yan Li
- Yanji Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
| | - Mi Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science & Technology
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science & Technology
| | - Ruiying Yuan
- Department of pharmacy, College of Medicine, Tibet University
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science & Technology
| | | | - Shan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science & Technology
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Bhandari C, Agnihotr N. Pine nut oil supplementation alleviates the obesogenic effects in high-fat diet induced obese rats: A comparative study between epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Nutr Res 2022; 106:85-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pinolenic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects in peripheral blood-derived monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8807. [PMID: 35614190 PMCID: PMC9133073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinolenic acid (PNLA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid from pine nuts, has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. We aimed to investigate the direct anti-inflammatory effect and anti-atherogenic effects of PNLA on activated purified CD14 monocytes from peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in vitro. Flow cytometry was used to assess the proportions of CD14 monocytes expressing TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 in purified monocytes from patients with RA after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation with/without PNLA pre-treatment. The whole genomic transcriptome (WGT) profile of PNLA-treated, and LPS-activated monocytes from patients with active RA was investigated by RNA-sequencing. PNLA reduced percentage of monocytes expressing cytokines: TNF-α by 23% (p = 0.048), IL-6 by 25% (p = 0.011), IL-1β by 23% (p = 0.050), IL-8 by 20% (p = 0.066). Pathway analysis identified upstream activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), sirtuin3, and let7 miRNA, and KLF15, which are anti-inflammatory and antioxidative. In contrast, DAP3, LIF and STAT3, which are involved in TNF-α, and IL-6 signal transduction, were inhibited. Canonical Pathway analysis showed that PNLA inhibited oxidative phosphorylation (p = 9.14E−09) and mitochondrial dysfunction (p = 4.18E−08), while the sirtuin (SIRTs) signalling pathway was activated (p = 8.89E−06) which interfere with the pathophysiological process of atherosclerosis. Many miRNAs were modulated by PNLA suggesting potential post-transcriptional regulation of metabolic and immune response that has not been described previously. Multiple miRNAs target pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4), single-immunoglobulin interleukin-1 receptor molecule (SIGIRR), mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase membrane subunit 6 (MT-ATP6) and acetyl-CoA acyltranferase2 (ACAA2); genes implicated in regulation of lipid and cell metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. PNLA has potential anti-atherogenic and immune-metabolic effects on monocytes that are pathogenic in RA and atherosclerosis. Dietary PNLA supplementation regulates key miRNAs that are involved in metabolic, mitochondrial, and inflammatory pathways.
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Baker EJ, Miles EA, Calder PC. A review of the functional effects of pine nut oil, pinolenic acid and its derivative eicosatrienoic acid and their potential health benefits. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101097. [PMID: 33831456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pine nut oil (PNO) is rich in a variety of unusual delta-5-non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMIFAs), including pinolenic acid (PLA; all cis-5,-9,-12 18:3) which typically comprises 14 to 19% of total fatty acids. PLA has been shown to be metabolised to eicosatrienoic acid (ETA; all cis-7,-11,-14 20:3) in various cells and tissues. Here we review the literature on PNO, PLA and its metabolite ETA in the context of human health applications. PNO and PLA have a range of favourable effects on body weight as well as fat deposition through increased energy expenditure (fatty acid oxidation) and decreased food energy intake (reduced appetite). PNO and PLA improve blood and hepatic lipids in animal models and insulin sensitivity in vitro and reduce inflammation and modulate immune function in vitro and in animal models. The few studies which have examined effects of ETA indicate it has anti-inflammatory properties. Another NMIFA from PNO, sciadonic acid (all cis-5,-11,-14 20:3), has generally similar properties to PLA where these have been investigated. There is potential for human health benefits from PNO, its constituent NMIFA PLA and the PLA derivative ETA. However further studies are needed to explore the effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella J Baker
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Baker EJ, Valenzuela CA, Dooremalen WT, Martínez‐Fernández L, Yaqoob P, Miles EA, Calder PC. Gamma‐Linolenic and Pinolenic Acids Exert Anti‐Inflammatory Effects in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells Through Their Elongation Products. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000382. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ella J. Baker
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Carina A. Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Nutrition University of Valparaíso Playa Ancha 850 Valparaíso Chile
| | - Wies T.M. Dooremalen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Leyre Martínez‐Fernández
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Navarra 31008 Pamplona Spain
| | - Parveen Yaqoob
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy University of Reading Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
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