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Kovács D, Palkovicsné Pézsa N, Móritz AV, Jerzsele Á, Farkas O. Effects of Luteolin in an In Vitro Model of Porcine Intestinal Infections. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1952. [PMID: 38998064 PMCID: PMC11240391 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infections caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica pose a huge economic burden on the swine industry that is exacerbated by the development of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens, thus raising the need for alternative prevention and treatment methods. Our aim was to test the beneficial effects of the flavonoid luteolin in an in vitro model of porcine intestinal infections. We infected the porcine intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 with E. coli and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (106 CFU/mL) with or without previous, concurrent, or subsequent treatment with luteolin (25 or 50 µg/mL), and measured the changes in the reactive oxygen species and interleukin-6 and -8 levels of cells. We also tested the ability of luteolin to inhibit the adhesion of bacteria to the cell layer, and to counteract the barrier integrity damage caused by the pathogens. Luteolin was able to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and barrier integrity damage, but it could not inhibit the adhesion of bacteria to IPEC-J2 cells. Luteolin is a promising candidate to be used in intestinal infections of pigs, however, further studies are needed to confirm its efficacy. The use of luteolin in the future could ultimately lead to a reduced need for antibiotics in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (N.P.P.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Palkovicsné Pézsa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (N.P.P.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alma Virág Móritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (N.P.P.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (N.P.P.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Farkas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (N.P.P.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Marks H, Grześkowiak Ł, Martinez-Vallespin B, Dietz H, Zentek J. Porcine and Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cell Models for Screening Phytogenic Feed Additives—Chances and Limitations in Use as Alternatives to Feeding Trials. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030629. [PMID: 35336204 PMCID: PMC8951747 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects. However, the use of IPEC-J2 is limited due to its purely epithelial origin and some differences in its morphology and functionality compared to the in vivo situation. With regard to chickens, the development of a reliable intestinal epithelial cell model has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Although a promising model was presented lately, further studies are needed to enable the standardized use of a chicken cell line for testing phytogenic feed additives. Finally, co-cultivation of the currently available cell lines with other cell lines and the development of organoids will open up further application possibilities. Special emphasis was given to the IPEC-J2 cell model. Therefore, all publications that investigated plant derived compounds in this cell line were considered. The section on chicken cell lines is based on publications describing the development of chicken intestinal epithelial cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Marks
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Beatriz Martinez-Vallespin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Heiko Dietz
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
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Schott T, Reisinger N, Teichmann K, König J, Ladinig A, Mayer E. Establishment of an In Vitro Co-Culture Model of the Piglet Gut to Study Inflammatory Response and Barrier Integrity. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:262-273. [PMID: 34144625 DOI: 10.1055/a-1510-5802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In intensive farming, piglets are exposed to various challenges that activate intestinal inflammatory processes, negatively affecting animal health and leading to economic losses. To study the role of the inflammatory response on epithelial barrier integrity, co-culture systems that mimic in vivo complexity are more and more preferred over cell monocultures. In this study, an in vitro gut co-culture model consisting of intestinal porcine epithelial cells and porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells was established. The model provides an appropriate tool to study the role of the inflammatory response on epithelial barrier integrity and to screen for feed and food components, exerting beneficial effects on gut health. In the established model, inflammation-like reactions and damage of the epithelial barrier, indicated by a decrease of transepithelial electrical resistance, were elicited by activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells via one of 3 stimuli: lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, or concanavalin A. Two phytogenic substances that are commonly used as feed additives, licorice extract and oregano oil, have been shown to counteract the drop in transepithelial electrical resistance values in the gut co-culture model. The established co-culture model provides a powerful in vitro tool to study the role of intestinal inflammation on epithelial barrier integrity. As it consists of porcine epithelial and porcine blood cells it perfectly mimics in vivo conditions and imitates the inter-organ communication of the piglet gut. The developed model is useful to screen for nutritional components or drugs, having the potential to balance intestinal inflammation and strengthen the epithelial barrier integrity in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen König
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kovács D, Palkovicsné Pézsa N, Jerzsele Á, Süth M, Farkas O. Protective Effects of Grape Seed Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins in IPEC-J2–Escherichia coli/Salmonella Typhimurium Co-Culture. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010110. [PMID: 35052987 PMCID: PMC8773002 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium provides the largest barrier protecting mammalian species from harmful external factors; however, it can be severely compromised by the presence of bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Antibiotics have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of GI bacterial infections, leading to antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine alike. In order to decrease antibiotic usage, natural substances, such as flavonoids, are investigated to be used as antibiotic alternatives. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are potential candidates for this purpose owing to their various beneficial effects in humans and animals. In this study, protective effects of grape seed oligomeric proanthocyanidins (GSOPs) were tested in IPEC-J2 porcine intestinal epithelial cells infected with Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium of swine origin. GSOPs were able to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation and barrier integrity disruption inflicted by bacteria in the co-culture. Furthermore, GSOPs could decrease the adhesion of both bacteria to IPEC-J2 cells. Based on these observations, GSOPs seem to be promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal bacterial infections.
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Elevated Extracellular cGMP Produced after Exposure to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Toxin Induces Epithelial IL-33 Release and Alters Intestinal Immunity. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00707-20. [PMID: 33431701 PMCID: PMC8090939 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00707-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major diarrheal pathogen in children in low- to middle-income countries. Previous studies identified heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing ETEC as a prevalent diarrheal pathogen in children younger than 5 years. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major diarrheal pathogen in children in low- to middle-income countries. Previous studies identified heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)-producing ETEC as a prevalent diarrheal pathogen in children younger than 5 years. While many studies have evaluated the interaction of ETEC heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) with host epithelium and immunity, few investigations have attempted similar studies with ST. To further understand ST pathogenesis, we examined the impact of ST on cGMP localization, epithelial cell cytokine production, and antibody development following immunization. In addition to robust intracellular cGMP in T84 cells in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEis) that prevent the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides, we found that prolonged ST intoxication induced extracellular cGMP accumulation in the presence or absence of PDEis. Further, ST intoxication induced luminal cGMP in vivo in mice, suggesting that secreted cGMP may have other cellular functions. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), we demonstrated that ST intoxication, or treatment with the clinically used ST mimic linaclotide, altered inflammatory cytokine gene expression, including the interleukin 1 (IL-1) family member IL-33, which could also be induced by cell-permeative 8-Br-cGMP. Finally, when present during immunization, ST suppressed induction of antibodies to specific antigens. In conclusion, our studies indicate that ST modulates epithelial cell physiology and the interplay between the epithelial and immune compartments.
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