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Brown PM, Anderson AE, Naamane N, Lendrem DW, Morgan AW, Isaacs JD, Pratt AG. Adenosine metabolic signature in circulating CD4+ T cells predicts remission in rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 2024; 10:e003858. [PMID: 38367982 PMCID: PMC10875551 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long-term outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) depend on early and effective disease control. Methotrexate (MTX) remains the first-line disease modifying therapy, however there are no biomarkers with which to identify those most likely to achieve remission. To address this unmet need we explored metabolic pathways involved in MTX mechanism of action within circulating CD4+T cells in a cohort of treatment naive patients with early RA. METHODS Purified CD4+T cells were isolated from peripheral blood of 68 patients with early RA commencing MTX. The expression of a range of putative MTX metabolism and mechanism of action targets were explored by flow-cytometry and transcriptional analysis. From these data significant predictors of Disease Activity Score 28-C reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) remission (<2.4 at 6 months) were determined by logistic regression (clinical; flow-cytometry data) and linear modelling (gene expression data). RESULTS Low baseline DAS28-CRP was associated with remission at 6 months (p=0.02). Expression of the ectonucleotidase CD39, involved in ATP-ADP conversion during adenosine synthesis, was higher on CD4+CD25 High regulatory T cells at baseline in those achieving remission (molecules of equivalent fluorescence 1264 vs 847; p=0.007). Expression of other adenosine signalling elements in CD4+T cells were also upregulated at baseline in patients achieving remission: AMPD1 (p<0.001), ADORA2b (p=0.039) and ADORA3 (p=0.047). When combined into a single predictive metric, a combination of these variables outperformed baseline DAS28-CRP in prediction of early remission (area under the curve 0.92 vs 0.67, p=0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Adenosine signalling is important in the achievement of early remission with MTX in RA and biomarkers of adenosine activity may hold utility for the stratification of therapy in early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Brown
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Amy E Anderson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Najib Naamane
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dennis W Lendrem
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ann W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Leeds Medtech and In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Arthur G Pratt
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Moulin D, Millard M, Taïeb M, Michaudel C, Aucouturier A, Lefèvre A, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Langella P, Sereme Y, Wanherdrick K, Gautam P, Mariette X, Dieudé P, Gottenberg JE, Jouzeau JY, Skurnik D, Emond P, Mulleman D, Sellam J, Sokol H. Counteracting tryptophan metabolism alterations as a new therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:312-323. [PMID: 38049981 PMCID: PMC10894831 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alterations in tryptophan (Trp) metabolism have been reported in inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, understanding whether these alterations participate in RA development and can be considered putative therapeutic targets remains undetermined.In this study, we combined quantitative Trp metabolomics in the serum from patients with RA and corrective administration of a recombinant enzyme in experimental arthritis to address this question. METHODS Targeted quantitative Trp metabolomics was performed on the serum from 574 previously untreated patients with RA from the ESPOIR (Etude et Suivi des POlyarthrites Indifférenciées Récentes) cohort and 98 healthy subjects. A validation cohort involved 69 established patients with RA. Dosages were also done on the serum of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) mice and controls. A proof-of-concept study evaluating the therapeutic potency of targeting the kynurenine pathway was performed in the CAIA model. RESULTS Differential analysis revealed dramatic changes in Trp metabolite levels in patients with RA compared with healthy controls. Decreased levels of kynurenic (KYNA) and xanthurenic (XANA) acids and indole derivatives, as well as an increased level of quinolinic acid (QUIN), were found in the serum of patients with RA. They correlated positively with disease severity (assessed by both circulating biomarkers and disease activity scores) and negatively with quality-of-life scores. Similar profiles of kynurenine pathway metabolites were observed in the CAIA and CIA models. From a mechanistic perspective, we demonstrated that QUIN favours human fibroblast-like synoviocyte proliferation and affected their cellular metabolism, through inducing both mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Finally, systemic administration of the recombinant enzyme aminoadipate aminotransferase, responsible for the generation of XANA and KYNA, was protective in the CAIA model. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our preclinical and clinical data indicate that alterations in the Trp metabolism play an active role in the pathogenesis of RA and could be considered as a new therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moulin
- UMR 7365 IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Grand Est, France
| | - Marie Millard
- UMR 7365 IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Grand Est, France
| | - Mahdia Taïeb
- UMR 7365 IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Grand Est, France
| | - Chloé Michaudel
- ProbiHote, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, Île-de-France, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Anne Aucouturier
- ProbiHote, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, Île-de-France, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Paris, France
| | | | - Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán
- ProbiHote, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, Île-de-France, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Paris, France
| | | | - Youssouf Sereme
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Kristell Wanherdrick
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Inserm UMRS_938, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Preeti Gautam
- UMR 7365 IMoPA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, Grand Est, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Rheumatology department, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR 1184, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Dieudé
- Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1152, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Université de Strasbourg, and Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, CNRS, IBMC, UPR3572, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - David Skurnik
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Prématurité (FHU PREMA), Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- R 1253, iBrain, University of Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- CHRU Tours Medical Biology Center, Tours, France
| | - Denis Mulleman
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- EA 6295, Nano Medicine & Nano Probes, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jérémie Sellam
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Inserm UMRS_938, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- ProbiHote, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, Île-de-France, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Bruckner S, Capria VM, Zeno B, Leblebicioglu B, Goyal K, Vasileff WK, Awan H, Willis WL, Ganesan LP, Jarjour WN. The therapeutic effects of gingival mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in a chimeric model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:211. [PMID: 37885040 PMCID: PMC10601129 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that involves transformation of the lining of synovial joints into an invasive and destructive tissue. Synovial fibroblasts become transformed, invading and destroying the bone and cartilage of the affected joint(s). Due to the significant role these cells play in the progression of the disease process, developing a therapeutic strategy to target and inhibit their invasive destructive nature could help patients who are afflicted with this debilitating disease. Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells are known to possess immunomodulatory properties and have been studied extensively as potential cell-based therapeutics for several autoimmune disorders. METHODS A chimeric human/mouse model of synovitis was created by surgically implanting SCID mice with a piece of human articular cartilage surrounded by RASF. Mice were injected once with either GMSC or GMSCExo at 5-7 days post-implantation. Histology and IHC were used to assess RASF invasion of the cartilage. Flow cytometry was used to understand the homing ability of GMSC in vivo and the incidence of apoptosis of RASF in vitro. RESULTS We demonstrate that both GMSC and GMSCExo are potent inhibitors of the deleterious effects of RASF. Both treatments were effective in inhibiting the invasive destructive properties of RASF as well as the potential for these cells to migrate to secondary locations and attack the cartilage. GMSC home to the site of the implant and induce programmed cell death of the RASF. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that both GMSC and GMSCExo can block the pathological effects of RASF in this chimeric model of RA. A single dose of either GMSC or GMSCExo can inhibit the deleterious effects of RASF. These treatments can also block the invasive migration of the RASF, suggesting that they can inhibit the spread of RA to other joints. Because the gingival tissue is harvested with little difficulty, relatively small amounts of tissue are required to expand the cells, the simple in vitro expansion process, and the increasing technological advances in the production of therapeutic exosomes, we believe that GMSCExo are excellent candidates as a potential therapeutic for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Bruckner
- Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vittoria M Capria
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Braden Zeno
- Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Binnaz Leblebicioglu
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kanu Goyal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Hand & Upper Extremity Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William K Vasileff
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hisham Awan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William L Willis
- Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Latha P Ganesan
- Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wael N Jarjour
- Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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4
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Bruckner S, Capria VM, Zeno B, Leblebicioglu B, Goyal K, Vasileff WK, Awan H, Willis WL, Ganesan LP, Jarjour WN. Therapeutic Effects of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes in a Chimeric Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3121787. [PMID: 37461531 PMCID: PMC10350241 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3121787/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that involves transformation of the lining of synovial joints into an invasive and destructive tissue. Synovial fibroblasts become transformed, invading and destroying bone and cartilage of the affected joint(s). Due to the significant role these cells play in the progression of the disease process, developing a therapeutic strategy to target and inhibit their invasive destructive nature could help patients who are affiicted with this debilitating disease. Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells are known to possess immunomodulatory properties and have been studied extensively as potential cell-based therapeutics for several autoimmune disorders. Methods A chimeric human/mouse model of synovitis was created by surgically implanting SCID mice with a piece of human articular cartilage surrounded by RASF. Mice were injected once with either GMSC or GMSCExo at 5-7 days post-implantation. Histology and IHC were used to assess RASF invasion of the cartilage. Flow cytometry was used to understand the homing ability of GMSC in vivo and the incidence of apoptosis of RASF in vitro. Results We demonstrate that both GMSC and GMSCExo are potent inhibitors of the deleterious effects of RASF. Both treatments were effective in inhibiting the invasive destructive properties of RASF as well as the potential of these cells to migrate to secondary locations and attack the cartilage. GMSC home to the site of the implant and induce programmed cell death of the RASF. Conclusions Our results indicate that both GMSC and GMSCExo can block the pathological effects of RASF in this chimeric model of RA. A single dose of either GMSC or GMSCExo can inhibit the deleterious effects of RASF. These treatments can also block the invasive migration of the RASF, suggesting that they can inhibit the spread of RA to other joints. Because the gingival tissue is harvested with little difficulty, relatively small amounts of tissue are required to expand the cells, the simple in vitro expansion process, and the increasing technological advances in the production of therapeutic exosomes, we believe that GMSCExo are excellent candidates as a potential therapeutic for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Braden Zeno
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | | | - Kanu Goyal
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | | | - Hisham Awan
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
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Demirtzoglou G, Chrysoglou SI, Iakovidou-Kritsi Z, Lambropoulos A, Garyfallos A. Haloperidol's Cytogenetic Effect on T Lymphocytes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e42283. [PMID: 37609095 PMCID: PMC10440589 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigating haloperidol's cytogenetic behavior in cultured human T lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Four haloperidol solutions were added in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy individuals, SLE, and RA patients. After 72 hours of incubation, the cultured lymphocytes were plated on glass slides, and stained with the fluorescence plus Giemsa method, and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), proliferation rate index (PRI), and mitotic index (MI) were measured with the optical microscope. RESULTS Result analysis revealed: (a) a statistically significant (p=0.001) dose-dependent increase of SCEs in SLE patients compared to healthy individuals; (b) a statistically significant (p=0.001) dose-dependent decrease of SCEs in RA patients for haloperidol concentrations 5, 10μg/mL; (c) a statistically significant (p=0.001) dose-dependent increase of SCEs in RA patients for haloperidol concentrations 20, 100μg/mL; and (d) a statistically significant (p=0.001) dose-dependent reduction of PRI and MI in both patient groups compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between (a) SCE and PRI index variations, (b) MI and SCE index variations, and (c) PRI and MI index variations. CONCLUSIONS Haloperidol affects T lymphocytes from SLE and RA patients by modifying DNA replication procedures, DNA damage response, and ferroptosis. Considering the wide use of haloperidol in neuropsychiatric symptoms of SLE and RA patients, further studies with more immune cell subsets are needed to evaluate its effects on human genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Demirtzoglou
- 1st Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
- Department of Rheumatology, 251 General Airforce Hospital, Athens, GRC
| | - Sofia-Ifigeneia Chrysoglou
- 1st Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Zafeiroula Iakovidou-Kritsi
- 1st Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Alexandros Lambropoulos
- 1st Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Alexandros Garyfallos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, GRC
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Lei Q, Yang J, Li L, Zhao N, Lu C, Lu A, He X. Lipid metabolism and rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190607. [PMID: 37325667 PMCID: PMC10264672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As a chronic progressive autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by mainly damaging the synovium of peripheral joints and causing joint destruction and early disability. RA is also associated with a high incidence rate and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Recently, the relationship between lipid metabolism and RA has gradually attracted attention. Plasma lipid changes in RA patients are often detected in clinical tests, the systemic inflammatory status and drug treatment of RA patients can interact with the metabolic level of the body. With the development of lipid metabolomics, the changes of lipid small molecules and potential metabolic pathways have been gradually discovered, which makes the lipid metabolism of RA patients or the systemic changes of lipid metabolism after treatment more and more comprehensive. This article reviews the lipid level of RA patients, as well as the relationship between inflammation, joint destruction, cardiovascular disease, and lipid level. In addition, this review describes the effect of anti-rheumatic drugs or dietary intervention on the lipid profile of RA patients to better understand RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shanghai GuangHua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Saadh MJ, Kazemi K, Khorramdelazad H, Mousavi MJ, Noroozi N, Masoumi M, Karami J. Role of T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematous: Focus on immunometabolism dysfunctions. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110246. [PMID: 37148769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence demonstrates that T cells are implicated in developing SLE, and each of them dominantly uses distinct metabolic pathways. Indeed, intracellular enzymes and availability of specific nutrients orchestrate fate of T cells and lead to differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg), memory T cells, helper T cells, and effector T cells. The function of T cells in inflammatory and autoimmune responses is determined by metabolic processes and activity of their enzymes. Several studies were conducted to determine metabolic abnormalities in SLE patients and clarify how these modifications could control the functions of the involved T cells. Metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, mitochondrial pathways, oxidative stress, mTOR pathway, fatty acid and amino acid metabolisms are dysregulated in SLE T cells. Moreover, immunosuppressive drugs used in treating autoimmune diseases, including SLE, could affect immunometabolism. Developing drugs to regulate autoreactive T cell metabolism could be a promising therapeutic approach for SLE treatment. Accordingly, increased knowledge about metabolic processes paves the way to understanding SLE pathogenesis better and introduces novel therapeutic options for SLE treatment. Although monotherapy with metabolic pathways modulators might not be sufficient to prevent autoimmune disease, they may be an ideal adjuvant to reduce administration doses of immunosuppressive drugs, thus reducing drug-associated adverse effects. This review summarized emerging data about T cells that are involved in SLE pathogenesis, focusing on immunometabolism dysregulation and how these modifications could affect the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Student Research and Technology Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Negar Noroozi
- Student Research and Technology Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Masoumi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Jafar Karami
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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