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Csanády A, Krišovský P. Sex differences in pelvic and sacral size in wildcat from the Western Carpathians. ANIM BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual differences in the wildcat were evaluated on 15 variables in 49 pelvic and 38 sacral bones in wildcat from the Western Carpathians. Our data confirmed a male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the pelvic and sacral bones. The effect size was very large for two pelvic (SB, smallest width of the shaft of the ilium; and LAR, length of the acetabulum) and two sacral traits (GB, greatest width across the wings; and BFcr, greatest width of the cranial articular surface). Our different allometric patterns in pelvic and sacral measures in both sexes may also be important in mode of locomotion. These findings highlight the need for morphometric analysis of species at the regional as well global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Csanády
- University of Prešov, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, 17. novembra 1, SK-080 01 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krišovský
- East Slovak Museum Košice, Námestie Maratónu Mieru 2, SK-040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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Tavares WC, Pessôa LM. Pelvic sexual dimorphism and its association with cranial morphology in Neotropical spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae). J MAMM EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-022-09625-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Haeusler M, Grunstra ND, Martin RD, Krenn VA, Fornai C, Webb NM. The obstetrical dilemma hypothesis: there's life in the old dog yet. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2031-2057. [PMID: 34013651 PMCID: PMC8518115 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The term 'obstetrical dilemma' was coined by Washburn in 1960 to describe the trade-off between selection for a larger birth canal, permitting successful passage of a big-brained human neonate, and the smaller pelvic dimensions required for bipedal locomotion. His suggested solution to these antagonistic pressures was to give birth prematurely, explaining the unusual degree of neurological and physical immaturity, or secondary altriciality, observed in human infants. This proposed trade-off has traditionally been offered as the predominant evolutionary explanation for why human childbirth is so challenging, and inherently risky, compared to that of other primates. This perceived difficulty is likely due to the tight fit of fetal to maternal pelvic dimensions along with the convoluted shape of the birth canal and a comparatively low degree of ligamentous flexibility. Although the ideas combined under the obstetrical dilemma hypothesis originated almost a century ago, they have received renewed attention and empirical scrutiny in the last decade, with some researchers advocating complete rejection of the hypothesis and its assumptions. However, the hypothesis is complex because it presently captures several, mutually non-exclusive ideas: (i) there is an evolutionary trade-off resulting from opposing selection pressures on the pelvis; (ii) selection favouring a narrow pelvis specifically derives from bipedalism; (iii) human neonates are secondarily altricial because they are born relatively immature to ensure that they fit through the maternal bony pelvis; (iv) as a corollary to the asymmetric selection pressure for a spacious birth canal in females, humans evolved pronounced sexual dimorphism of pelvic shape. Recently, the hypothesis has been challenged on both empirical and theoretical grounds. Here, we appraise the original ideas captured under the 'obstetrical dilemma' and their subsequent evolution. We also evaluate complementary and alternative explanations for a tight fetopelvic fit and obstructed labour, including ecological factors related to nutrition and thermoregulation, constraints imposed by the stability of the pelvic floor or by maternal and fetal metabolism, the energetics of bipedalism, and variability in pelvic shape. This reveals that human childbirth is affected by a complex combination of evolutionary, ecological, and biocultural factors, which variably constrain maternal pelvic form and fetal growth. Our review demonstrates that it is unwarranted to reject the obstetrical dilemma hypothesis entirely because several of its fundamental assumptions have not been successfully discounted despite claims to the contrary. As such, the obstetrical dilemma remains a tenable hypothesis that can be used productively to guide evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haeusler
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
| | - Nicole D.S. Grunstra
- Konrad Lorenz Institute (KLI) for Evolution and Cognition ResearchMartinstrasse 12Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaUniversity Biology Building (UBB), Carl Djerassi Platz 1Vienna1030Austria
- Mammal CollectionNatural History Museum ViennaBurgring 7Vienna1010Austria
| | - Robert D. Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- The Field Museum1400 S Lake Shore DrChicagoIL60605U.S.A.
| | - Viktoria A. Krenn
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaUniversity Biology Building (UBB), Carl Djerassi Platz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Cinzia Fornai
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyUniversity of ViennaUniversity Biology Building (UBB), Carl Djerassi Platz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Nicole M. Webb
- Institute of Evolutionary MedicineUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190Zürich8057Switzerland
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum FrankfurtSenckenberganlage 25Frankfurt am Main60325Germany
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Adam CL, Marochi MZ, Masunari S. Ontogenetic shape changes and sexual dimorphism in Aegla marginata Bond-Buckup and Buckup, 1994. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:1521-1532. [PMID: 29768572 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A study on relative growth, sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic trajectory was carried out in a population of the aeglidAegla marginata coming from Barrinha River, Iguape River Basin, Tunas do Paraná, Paraná State, Brazil. The size the of morphological sexual maturity was estimated for males and females. The analysis of sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic trajectory were performed using geometric morphometric technique. Males reach maturity with 10.58 mm of carapace length (CL) and females with 10.38 mm CL. Sexual size dimorphism was only visible among adults, with males reaching larger sizes. This is probably related to the reproductive strategy of males. However, sexual shape dimorphism was found for both juveniles and adults: the posterior region of the carapace was wider in females. As the contrast of this feature was stronger in adults, it can be considered that large abdomen is advantageous for egg incubation. The allometric trajectories of juveniles presented similar directions, becoming divergent during the adult phase. The shape variation inA. marginataoccurred gradually throughout its development, with no abrupt transformation upon reaching sexual maturity. The reproductive adaptation is the main reason for the morphological variation within populations ofA. marginata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Adam
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Murilo Z Marochi
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Setuko Masunari
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Matysiak A, Malecha AW, Jakubowski H, Sadowska ET, Koteja P, Tryjanowski P. Sexual dimorphism, asymmetry, and the effect of reproduction on pelvis bone in the bank vole, Myodes glareolus. MAMMAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-017-0317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tague RG. Pelvic sexual dimorphism among species monomorphic in body size: relationship to relative newborn body mass. J Mammal 2015; 97:503-517. [PMID: 30302031 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Females have larger pelves than males among eutherians to mitigate obstetrical difficulty. This study addresses 3 issues concerning pelvic sexual dimorphism using 8 species that are sexually monomorphic in nonpelvic size: Aotus azarae , Castor canadensis , Dasypus novemcinctus , Hylobates lar , Saguinus geoffroyi , Sciurus carolinensis , Sylvilagus floridanus , and Urocyon cinereoargenteus . Using published data to compute the index of relative newborn body mass (RNBM = [newborn body mass/adult female body mass]100%) for 266 eutherian species, A. azarae , H. lar , and S. geoffroyi are characterized as giving birth to relatively large newborns and the other 5 species as giving birth to relatively small newborns. The 3 issues are, compared to species giving birth to relatively small newborns, whether species that give birth to relatively large newborns have 1) higher magnitude of pelvic sexual size dimorphism (SSD), 2) lower prevalence of pelvic joint fusion, and 3) dissociation between pelvic and nonpelvic sizes. Nine measures of the pelvis were taken, and fusion of interpubic and sacroiliac joints was observed. Species grouped by high and low RNBM do not differ significantly in magnitude of SSD of pelvic inlet circumference. Species with high RNBM have significantly lower prevalence of interpubic joint fusion than those with low RNBM. Sexes do not differ in their multiple correlation coefficients between inlet circumference and nonpelvic body size in 7 of 8 species. Results suggest that 1) there are multiple anatomical pathways for pelvic obstetrical sufficiency, 2) an unfused interpubic joint is obstetrically advantageous, and 3) relative newborn size does not change the association between pelvic and nonpelvic size in females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Tague
- Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4105 , USA
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Lewton KL. Allometric scaling and locomotor function in the primate pelvis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 156:511-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Lewton
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston MA 02118
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Lycett SJ, von Cramon-Taubadel N. Understanding the comparative catarrhine context of human pelvic form: A 3D geometric morphometric analysis. J Hum Evol 2013; 64:300-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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New postcranial elements for the earliest Eocene fossil primate Teilhardina belgica. J Hum Evol 2012; 63:205-18. [PMID: 22704262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Teilhardina belgica is one of the most primitive fossil primates known to date and the earliest haplorhine with associated postcranials, making it relevant to a reconstruction of the ancestral primate morphotype. Here we describe newly discovered postcranial elements of T. belgica. It is a small primate with an estimated body mass between 30 and 60 g, similar to the size of a mouse lemur. Its hindlimb anatomy suggests frequent and forceful leaping with excellent foot mobility and grasping capabilities. It can now be established that this taxon exhibits critical primate postcranial synapomorphies such as a grasping hallux, a tall knee, and nailed digits. This anatomical pattern and behavioral profile is similar to what has been inferred before for other omomyids and adapiforms. The most unusual feature of T. belgica is its elongated middle phalanges (most likely manual phalanges), suggesting that this early primate had very long fingers similar to those of living tarsiers.
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Cummings JR, Muchlinski MN, Kirk EC, Rehorek SJ, DeLeon VB, Smith TD. Eye size at birth in prosimian primates: life history correlates and growth patterns. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36097. [PMID: 22567127 PMCID: PMC3342331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primates have large eyes relative to head size, which profoundly influence the ontogenetic emergence of facial form. However, growth of the primate eye is only understood in a narrow taxonomic perspective, with information biased toward anthropoids. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured eye and bony orbit size in perinatal prosimian primates (17 strepsirrhine taxa and Tarsius syrichta) to infer the extent of prenatal as compared to postnatal eye growth. In addition, multiple linear regression was used to detect relationships of relative eye and orbit diameter to life history variables. ANOVA was used to determine if eye size differed according to activity pattern. In most of the species, eye diameter at birth measures more than half of that for adults. Two exceptions include Nycticebus and Tarsius, in which more than half of eye diameter growth occurs postnatally. Ratios of neonate/adult eye and orbit diameters indicate prenatal growth of the eye is actually more rapid than that of the orbit. For example, mean neonatal transverse eye diameter is 57.5% of the adult value (excluding Nycticebus and Tarsius), compared to 50.8% for orbital diameter. If Nycticebus is excluded, relative gestation age has a significant positive correlation with relative eye diameter in strepsirrhines, explaining 59% of the variance in relative transverse eye diameter. No significant differences were found among species with different activity patterns. Conclusions/Significance The primate developmental strategy of relatively long gestations is probably tied to an extended period of neural development, and this principle appears to apply to eye growth as well. Our findings indicate that growth rates of the eye and bony orbit are disassociated, with eyes growing faster prenatally, and the growth rate of the bony orbit exceeding that of the eyes after birth. Some well-documented patterns of orbital morphology in adult primates, such as the enlarged orbits of nocturnal species, mainly emerge during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Cummings
- Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Magdalena N. Muchlinski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - E. Christopher Kirk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Rehorek
- Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valerie B. DeLeon
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kurki HK. Pelvic dimorphism in relation to body size and body size dimorphism in humans. J Hum Evol 2011; 61:631-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schutz H, Donovan ER, Hayes JP. Effects of parity on pelvic size and shape dimorphism inMus. J Morphol 2009; 270:834-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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