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Batist CH, Razafindraibe MN, Randriamanantena F, Baden AL. Bioacoustic characterization of the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) vocal repertoire. Primates 2023; 64:621-635. [PMID: 37584832 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Ruffed lemurs (Varecia spp.) exhibit a unique suite of behavioral traits compared to other lemur species, which includes their fluid fission-fusion social dynamics, communal rearing of parked litters, and pronounced frugivory in their humid rainforest habitats. Given these traits, and the dense rainforests they inhabit, vocal communication may be key to maintaining social cohesion, coordinating infant care, and/or defending their high-quality food resources. Indeed, they are known for their raucous 'roar-shriek' calls. However, there has been surprisingly little research on vocal communication in Varecia species and only two previously published repertoires, both of which were qualitative descriptions of their calls. In this study, we quantitatively examined the vocal repertoire of wild black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) at Mangevo, Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. We characterized 11 call types using 33 bioacoustic parameters related to frequency, duration, tonality, and composition. We also used discriminant function analysis and hierarchical clustering to quantitatively and objectively classify call types within the black-and-white ruffed lemur vocal repertoire. The repertoire consists of both monosyllabic and multisyllabic calls that are individually given or emitted in contagious choruses. Eight of the 11 calls were also used in combination or in larger multi-call sequences. The discriminant function analysis correctly assigned call types with 87% success, though this varied greatly by call type (1-65%). Hierarchical clustering identified 3-4 robust clusters, indicating low clustering structure in the data and suggesting that V. variegata exhibits a graded vocal repertoire. Future work should consider the environmental and behavioral contexts in which calls are used to better understand the function of these call types and combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Batist
- Department of Anthropology, The CUNY Graduate Center, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA.
- Rainforest Connection (RFCx), Katy, TX, USA.
| | - M N Razafindraibe
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut International de Science Sociale, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - A L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, The CUNY Graduate Center, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Clark FE, Dunn JC. From Soundwave to Soundscape: A Guide to Acoustic Research in Captive Animal Environments. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889117. [PMID: 35782565 PMCID: PMC9244380 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound is a complex feature of all environments, but captive animals' soundscapes (acoustic scenes) have been studied far less than those of wild animals. Furthermore, research across farms, laboratories, pet shelters, and zoos tends to focus on just one aspect of environmental sound measurement: its pressure level or intensity (in decibels). We review the state of the art of captive animal acoustic research and contrast this to the wild, highlighting new opportunities for the former to learn from the latter. We begin with a primer on sound, aimed at captive researchers and animal caregivers with an interest (rather than specific expertise) in acoustics. Then, we summarize animal acoustic research broadly split into measuring sound from animals, or their environment. We guide readers from soundwave to soundscape and through the burgeoning field of conservation technology, which offers new methods to capture multiple features of complex, gestalt soundscapes. Our review ends with suggestions for future research, and a practical guide to sound measurement in captive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay E. Clark
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Fay E. Clark
| | - Jacob C. Dunn
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha L. Winkler
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture
| | - Gregory A. Bryant
- UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture
- Department of Communication, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Muir J, Barnett A, Svensson MS. The Vocal Repertoire of Golden-Faced Sakis, Pithecia chrysocephala, and the Relationship Between Context and Call Structure. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Negreiros AA, Pohlit AM, Baccaro F, Koolen HH, Barnett AA. The bitter end: primate avoidance of caterpillar-infested trees in a central Amazon flooded forest. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal–plant interactions are often mediated by chemical compounds. It has been widely reported that herbivore damage to plants induces chemical defenses which may then affect subsequent interactions with both invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. Our study investigated the effects of the interaction between larvae of an unidentified nymphalid butterfly and the tanimbuca tree (Buchenavia ochroprumna Eichl.; Combretaceae) on subsequent folivory by a primate, the golden-backed uacari (Cacajao ouakary (Spix, 1823); Pitheciidae). Primate-feeding observations, records of the extent of nymphalid – B. ochroprumna interactions, and tree distribution occurred in Jaú National Park, Amazonas State, Brazil. The values of Ivlev’s electivity index showed that C. ouakary strongly rejected trees infested by caterpillars (−0.68), whereas non-infested trees were highly selected by them (+0.84). Given this behavior, we suggest that C. ouakary may be deterred by (i) caterpillars, (ii) change in leaf chemical composition induced by caterpillars, or (iii) a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana A. Negreiros
- Biodiversity Studies Department, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adrian M. Pohlit
- Amazonian Active Principles Laboratory, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Baccaro
- Department of Biology, Amazonas Federal University, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Héctor H.F. Koolen
- Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Amazonas State University, 69079-030, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Adrian A. Barnett
- Biodiversity Studies Department, National Amazonian Research Institute, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Amazonas Federal University, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- School of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, SW15 4JD, London, U.K
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6
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Bastos M, Medeiros K, Jones G, Bezerra B. Small but wise: Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) use acoustic signals as cues to avoid interactions with blonde capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius). Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22744. [PMID: 29488642 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vocalizations are often used by animals to communicate and mediate social interactions. Animals may benefit from eavesdropping on calls from other species to avoid predation and thus increase their chances of survival. Here we use both observational and experimental evidence to investigate eavesdropping and how acoustic signals may mediate interactions between two sympatric and endemic primate species (common marmosets and blonde capuchin monkeys) in a fragment of Atlantic Rainforest in Northeastern Brazil. We observed 22 natural vocal encounters between the study species, but no evident visual or physical contact over the study period. These two species seem to use the same area throughout the day, but at different times. We broadcasted alarm and long distance calls to and from both species as well as two control stimuli (i.e., forest background noise and a loud call from an Amazonian primate) in our playback experiments. Common marmosets showed anti-predator behavior (i.e., vigilance and flight) when exposed to blonde capuchin calls both naturally and experimentally. However, blonde capuchin monkeys showed no anti-predator behavior in response to common marmoset calls. Blonde capuchins uttered long distance calls and looked in the direction of the speaker following exposure to their own long distance call, whereas they fled when exposed to their own alarm calls. Both blonde capuchin monkeys and common marmosets showed fear behaviors in response to the loud call from a primate species unknown to them, and showed no apparent response to the forest background noise. Common marmoset responses to blonde capuchin calls suggests that the latter is a potential predator. Furthermore, common marmosets appear to be eavesdropping on calls from blonde capuchin monkeys to avoid potentially costly encounters with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Bastos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Karolina Medeiros
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Bezerra
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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7
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Barnett AA, Silla JM, de Oliveira T, Boyle SA, Bezerra BM, Spironello WR, Setz EZF, da Silva RFS, de Albuquerque Teixeira S, Todd LM, Pinto LP. Run, hide, or fight: anti-predation strategies in endangered red-nosed cuxiú (Chiropotes albinasus, Pitheciidae) in southeastern Amazonia. Primates 2017; 58:353-360. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-017-0596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Bernstein SK, Sheeran LK, Wagner RS, Li JH, Koda H. The vocal repertoire of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana): A quantitative classification. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:937-49. [PMID: 27243451 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vocal repertoires are basic and essential components for describing vocal communication in animals. Studying the entire suite of vocal signals aids investigations on the variation of acoustic structure across social contexts, comparisons on the complexity of communication systems across taxa, and in exploration of the evolutionary origins of species-specific vocalizations. Here, we describe the vocal repertoire of the largest species in the macaque genus, Macaca thibetana. We extracted thirty acoustic parameters from call recordings. Post hoc validation through quantitative analyses of the a priori repertoire classified eleven call types: coo, squawk, squeal, noisy scream, growl, bark, compound squeak, leap coo, weeping, modulated tonal scream, and pant. In comparison to the rest of the genus, Tibetan macaques uttered a wider array of vocalizations in the context of copulations. Previous reports did not include modulated tonal screams and pants during harassment of copulatory dyads. Furthermore, in comparison to the rest of the genus, Tibetan macaque females emit acoustically distinct copulation calls. The vocal repertoire of Tibetan macaques contributes to the literature on the emergence of species-specific calls in the genus Macaca with potential insights from social, reproductive, and ecological comparisons across species. Am. J. Primatol. 78:937-949, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia K Bernstein
- Department of Ecology and Social Behavior, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lori K Sheeran
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington.,Primate Behavior and Ecology Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington
| | - R Steven Wagner
- Primate Behavior and Ecology Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington.,Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- School of Life Science, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Hiroki Koda
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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9
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Gustison ML, Townsend SW. A survey of the context and structure of high- and low-amplitude calls in mammals. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Kessler SE, Scheumann M, Hanbury DB, Nash LT, Zimmermann E, Watson SL. Screams in the Night: Pilot Study Reveals Moderate Evidence for Individual Differences in Lorisoid Vocalizations. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Bastos M, Souto A, Jones G, Eason P, Bione C, Schiel N, Bezerra B. Vocal repertoire of wild blonde capuchins (Sapajus flavius) and contextual use of calls. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:605-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Bastos
- Department of Zoology; Federal University of Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Antonio Souto
- Department of Zoology; Federal University of Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Perri Eason
- Department of Biology; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - Camila Bione
- Department of Zoology; Federal University of Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Department of Biology; Federal Rural University of Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Bruna Bezerra
- Department of Zoology; Federal University of Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco Brazil
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
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12
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Salmi R, Hammerschmidt K, Doran-Sheehy DM. Individual distinctiveness in call types of wild western female gorillas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101940. [PMID: 25029238 PMCID: PMC4100815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individually distinct vocalizations play an important role in animal communication, allowing call recipients to respond differentially based on caller identity. However, which of the many calls in a species' repertoire should have more acoustic variability and be more recognizable is less apparent. One proposed hypothesis is that calls used over long distances should be more distinct because visual cues are not available to identify the caller. An alternative hypothesis proposes that close calls should be more recognizable because of their importance in social interactions. To examine which hypothesis garners more support, the acoustic variation and individual distinctiveness of eight call types of six wild western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) females were investigated. Acoustic recordings of gorilla calls were collected at the Mondika Research Center (Republic of Congo). Acoustic variability was high in all gorilla calls. Similar high inter-individual variation and potential for identity coding (PIC) was found for all call types. Discriminant function analyses confirmed that all call types were individually distinct (although for call types with lowest sample size - hum, grumble and scream - this result cannot be generalized), suggesting that neither the distance at which communication occurs nor the call social function alone can explain the evolution of identity signaling in western gorilla communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Salmi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt Hammerschmidt
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diane M. Doran-Sheehy
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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13
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Salmi R, Hammerschmidt K, Doran-Sheehy DM. Western Gorilla Vocal Repertoire and Contextual Use of Vocalizations. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Salmi
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook; NY; USA
| | - Kurt Hammerschmidt
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory; German Primate Center; Göttingen; Germany
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14
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Propagation of the loud “tchó” call of golden-backed uakaris, Cacajao melanocephalus, in the black-swamp forests of the upper Amazon. Primates 2012; 53:317-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Responses of golden-backed uakaris, Cacajao melanocephalus, to call playback: implications for surveys in the flooded Igapó forest. Primates 2010; 51:327-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-010-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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