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Jain SM, Deka D, Das A, Paul S, Pathak S, Banerjee A. Role of Interleukins in Inflammation-Mediated Tumor Immune Microenvironment Modulation in Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis. Dig Dis Sci 2023:10.1007/s10620-023-07972-8. [PMID: 37277647 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-07972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor cells invade and spread through a procedure termed as epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition (EMT). EMT is triggered by any alterations in the genes that encode the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, the enzymes that break down the ECM, and the activation of the genes that causes the epithelial cell to change into a mesenchymal type. The transcription factors NF-κB, Smads, STAT3, Snail, Zeb, and Twist are activated by inflammatory cytokines, for instance, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Tumor Growth Factors, Interleukin-1, Interleukin-8, and Interleukin-6, which promotes EMT. MATERIALS The current piece of work has been reviewed from the literature works published in last 10 years on the role interleukins in inflammation-mediated tumor immune microenvironment modulation in colorectal cancer pathogenesis utilizing the databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct. RESULTS Recent studies have demonstrated that pathological situations, such as epithelial malignancies, exhibit EMT characteristics, such as the downregulation of epithelial markers and the overexpression of mesenchymal markers. Several growing evidence have also proved its existence in the human colon during the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Most often, persistent inflammation is thought to be one factor contributing to the initiation of human cancers, such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, according to epidemiologic and clinical research, people with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have a greater probability of developing CRC. CONCLUSION A substantial amount of data points to the involvement of the NF-κB system, SMAD/STAT3 signaling cascade, microRNAs, and the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase/Snail/Slug in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated development of colorectal malignancies. As a result, EMT is reported to play an active task in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, and therapeutic interventions targeting the inflammation-mediated EMT might serve as a novel strategy for treating CRC. The illustration depicts the relationship between interleukins and their receptors as a driver of CRC development and the potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samatha M Jain
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Dikshita Deka
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Alakesh Das
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No.500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Querétaro, CP, Mexico
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, 603103, India.
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Personalized Therapy and Liquid Biopsy-A Focus on Colorectal Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070630. [PMID: 34357097 PMCID: PMC8305103 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Resistance mechanisms represent a barrier to anti-cancer therapies. Liquid biopsies would allow obtaining additional information in order to develop targeted therapies to thwart the resistance phenomena but also to follow in time real response to treatment and be able to adapt it the most quickly possible way in case of resistance. (2) Methods: herein we summarize the different liquid biopsies which are currently under research; we then review the literature and focalize on one of their potential roles: the theranostic one and especially in the cases of colorectal cancers. (3) Results: few studies targeting liquid biopsy as a potential tool to adapt cancer treatments are present in the literature and encompass few patients. (4) Conclusions: further research is needed to prove the efficiency of LB. Indeed, it seems a promising tool to guide treatment by targeting actionable mutations with detection of resistant mutations.
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Li J, Zou K, Yu L, Zhao W, Lu Y, Mao J, Wang B, Wang L, Fan S, Song B, Li L. MicroRNA-140 Inhibits the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 10:426-437. [PMID: 29499953 PMCID: PMC5862396 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-140, a cartilage-specific microRNA, has recently been implicated in the cancer progression. However, the comprehensive role of miR-140 in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is still not fully understood. In this study, we confirmed that miR-140 downregulates SMAD family member 3 (Smad3), which is a key downstream effector of the TGF-β signaling pathway, at the translational level in the CRC cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-140 inhibits the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), at least partially through targeting Smad3, and induces the suppression of migratory and invasive capacities of CRC cells in vitro. miR-140 also attenuates CRC cell proliferation possibly via downregulating Samd3. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-140 inhibits the tumor formation and metastasis of CRC in vivo, and silenced Smad3 has the similar effect. Additionally, miR-140 expression is decreased in the clinical primary CRC specimens and appears as a progressive reduction in the metastatic specimens, whereas Smad3 is overexpressed in the CRC samples. Taken together, our findings suggest that miR-140 might be a key suppressor of CRC progression and metastasis through inhibiting EMT process by targeting Smad3. miR-140 may represent a novel candidate for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kun Zou
- Department of Oncology Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lihui Yu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenyue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shujun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Teaching Laboratory of Morphology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Lianhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Cao H, Xu E, Liu H, Wan L, Lai M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer metastasis: A system review. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:557-69. [PMID: 26092594 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a multi-step process by which tumor cells disseminate from their primary site and form secondary tumors at a distant site. And metastasis is the major cause of death in the vast majority of cancer patients. However, the mechanisms underlying each step remain obscure. In the past decade, a developmental program epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been increasingly recognized to play pivotal and intricate roles in promoting carcinoma invasion and metastasis. The EMT process is very complex and controlled by various families of transcriptional regulators through different signaling pathways. In this system review, we focus on the molecular network of the EMT program and its malignant phenotypes associated with metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC), including cancer stem cells, tumor budding, circulating tumor cells and drug resistance. A better understanding of the molecular regulation of the dynamic EMT program during tumor metastasis will help to provide much-needed therapeutic interventions to target this program when treating metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Enping Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Normal University-Jinhua People's Hospital Joint Center for Biomedical Research, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ledong Wan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Chen N, Balasenthil S, Reuther J, Killary AM. DEAR1, a novel tumor suppressor that regulates cell polarity and epithelial plasticity. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5683-9. [PMID: 25261235 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the regulatory controls on epithelial plasticity is pivotal not only to better understand the nature of metastasis but also for the design of targeted therapies to prevent the earliest steps in migration and invasion from the primary tumor. This review will highlight the role of the novel TRIM protein DEAR1 (annotated as TRIM62) in the regulation of apical-basal polarity and acinar morphogenesis as well as its function as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negative regulator of TGFβ-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). DEAR1 binds to and promotes the ubiquitination of SMAD3, the major effector of TGFβ-mediated EMT, as well as downregulates SMAD3 targets SNAIL1/2, master transcriptional regulators of EMT. Cumulative results suggest a novel paradigm for DEAR1 in the regulation of the breast tumor microenvironment, polarity, and EMT. Because DEAR1 undergoes loss-of-function mutations, homozygous deletion, as well as copy-number losses in multiple epithelial cancers, including breast cancer, DEAR1 has clinical use as a predictive and prognostic biomarker as well as for stratifying breast cancers and potentially other epithelial tumor types for targeted therapies aimed at the pathways regulated by DEAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyue Chen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Seetharaman Balasenthil
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacquelyn Reuther
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Program in Human and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Ann McNeill Killary
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Program in Human and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas.
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Selimovic D, El-Khattouti A, Ghozlan H, Haikel Y, Abdelkader O, Hassan M. Hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: An insight into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. World J Hepatol 2012; 4:342-55. [PMID: 23355912 PMCID: PMC3554798 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i12.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects more than 170 million people worldwide, and thereby becomes a series global health challenge. Chronic infection with HCV is considered one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the multiple functions of the HCV proteins and their impacts on the modulation of the intracellular signaling transduction processes, the drive of carcinogenesis during the infection with HCV, is thought to result from the interactions of viral proteins with host cell proteins. Thus, the induction of mutator phenotype, in liver, by the expression of HCV proteins provides a key mechanism for the development of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is considered one of the most common malignancies worldwide with increasing incidence during the past decades. In many countries, the trend of HCC is attributed to several liver diseases including HCV infection. However, the development of HCC is very complicated and results mainly from the imbalance between tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, as well as from the alteration of cellular factors leading to a genomic instability. Besides the poor prognosis of HCC patients, this type of tumor is quite resistance to the available therapies. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms, which are implicated in the development of HCC during the course of HCV infection, may help to design a general therapeutic protocol for the treatment and/or the prevention of this malignancy. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the development of HCV-associated HCC and the possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Selimovic
- Denis Selimovic, Youssef Haikel, Mohamed Hassan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Giroux V, Lemay F, Bernatchez G, Robitaille Y, Carrier JC. Estrogen receptor beta deficiency enhances small intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:303-311. [PMID: 18464259 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that estradiol replacement therapy reduces colon cancer risk in 'post'menopausal women. In colon epithelial cells, the estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is the predominant ER subtype and is thought to mediate the genomic effect of estrogens. The first aim of this study was to investigate the consequence of ERbeta deficiency on intestinal tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model. Furthermore, to explore the biological mechanisms by which estrogens may influence the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, we performed gene expression profiles in colonocytes from ovariectomized wild-type (WT) vs. ERbeta(-/-) mice, treated with estradiol (E(2)) or vehicle. Specifically in female, ERbeta deficiency was found to be associated with higher adenoma multiplicity in the small intestine, but not in the colon. Furthermore, tumors from ERbeta(-/-)Apc(Min/+) female mice were on average significantly larger than those from control Apc(Min/+) mice. Higher steady-state proliferation in epithelial cells of the jejunum and colon from ERbeta(-/-)Apc(Min/+) vs. Apc(Min/+) female mice was confirmed by BrdU incorporation assay. Interestingly, functional categorization of microarray results revealed the TGFbeta signaling pathway to be modulated in colonocytes, especially for the WT + E(2) vs. WT + Vehicle and the ERbeta(-/-) + E(2) vs. WT + E(2) comparisons. Using quantitative PCR analysis, we observed transcripts from ligands of the TGFbeta pathway to be upregulated in colonocytes from E(2)-treated WT and ERbeta(-/-) mice and downregulated in ERbeta-deficient mice, mostly in an E(2)-independent manner. Therefore, our results demonstrate that ERbeta deficiency enhances small intestinal tumorigenesis and suggest that modulation of the TGFbeta signaling pathway could contribute to the protective role of estrogens on intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Giroux
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lemay
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Gérald Bernatchez
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yolaine Robitaille
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Service de gastroentérologie, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Equipe IRSC sur l'épithélium digestif, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Xu Y, Pasche B. TGF-beta signaling alterations and susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16 Spec No 1:R14-20. [PMID: 17613544 PMCID: PMC2637552 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, more than 55,000 patients died of colorectal cancer in the US, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer deaths. Despite significant progress in screening combined with the development of novel effective therapies, colorectal cancer ranks second to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death. Twin studies indicate that 35% of all colorectal cancers are inherited, but high-penetrance tumor susceptibility genes only account for approximately 3-6% of all cases. The remainder of the unexplained familial risk is presumably due to other high-penetrance genes, but polygenic mechanisms and low-penetrance tumor susceptibility genes are likely to account for a greater proportion of familial colorectal cancers. In this regard, there is growing evidence that a common hypomorphic variant of the type I TGF-beta receptor, TGFBR1*6A, may account for approximately 3% of all colorectal cancer cases, a fraction higher than that attributable to mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Furthermore, TGFBR1*6A is emerging as a potent modifier of colorectal cancer risk among individuals with a strong family of colorectal cancer. The TGF-beta signaling pathway plays a central but paradoxical role in the predisposition and progression of colorectal cancer. TGF-beta is a potent inhibitor of normal colonic epithelial cells acting as a tumor suppressor. However, TGF-beta promotes the survival, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells, thereby acting as an oncogene. Understanding how selective alterations of the TGF-beta signaling pathway contribute to colorectal cancer development and progression will likely permit the identification of an additional fraction of inherited colorectal cancer cases and provide novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Xu
- Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department o Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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