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Abdolalizadeh P, Mehrdad R, Saberzadeh-Ardestani B, Pouragha H, Alipour F, Esmaili M. Prevalence of uncorrected distance refractive errors and associated risk factors in employees of an academic centre. Clin Exp Optom 2023; 106:869-875. [PMID: 36372555 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2133988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncorrected refractive error (RE) may affect the work performance of adults in the workplace. The aim of current study was to determine the prevalence of corrected and uncorrected RE, and the determinants of uncorrected RE in adult employees of a university. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of Tehran University Medical Sciences' staff. Besides demographic and some specific questionnaires, ophthalmic examinations including the measurement of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacles corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and presenting visual acuity were performed for all participants. The need for spectacles was defined as UCVA worse than 6/12 in the better eye that could be corrected to better than 6/12 with spectacles based on subjective refraction. RESULTS In total, 4460 individuals with mean age of 42.32 ± 8.80 were included in the study. The VA of the better eye was 0.01 ± 0.05 logMAR for BCVA, 0.13 ± 0.26 for UCVA, and 0.05 ± 0.12 for presenting VA. Prevalence of RE was 15.7%, including uncorrected RE of 5% and spectacles coverage (corrected RE) of 10.7%. The proportion of individuals with elementary education and poor-fair status of general health were 1.62 times higher in the uncorrected group. In the univariate analysis, type of occupation (office versus non-office workers), socioeconomic status, and insurance of employees were not related to uncorrected RE (all P > 0.4). Myopia was the only factor associated with uncorrected RE in logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 2.73, 95%CI = 1.02-7.31, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION The prevalence of uncorrected RE and spectacle coverage were 5% and 10.7%, respectively. Myopia was almost three times more likely to be associated among employees with uncorrected RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Abdolalizadeh
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Mehrdad
- Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Pouragha
- Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Alipour
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Esmaili
- Optometry Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rahayu T, Lestari YD, Ayudianingrum A, Rif’ati L. Spectacle Coverage Rate After Cataract Surgery in an Urban Area in Indonesia. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2023; 15:167-173. [PMID: 37605767 PMCID: PMC10440109 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s417876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Uncorrected refractive errors after cataract surgery contribute to visual impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate the spectacle coverage rate (SCR) following cataract surgery and its relationship with socioeconomic factors in an urban city in Indonesia. Patients and Methods This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 in Jakarta. The former participants of the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) survey had a history of cataract surgery and met either of the following criteria: (1) wore spectacles with presenting visual acuity (PVA) 6/12 or (2) had PVA less than 6/12 regardless of spectacle use but achieved the best visual acuity (BVA) 6/12 with pinhole correction. Results Of the 2998 participants of the RAAB survey, 173 (5.6%) (252 eyes) had a history of cataract surgery, among whom 53 (86 eyes) met our inclusion criteria. The SCR was 69.8% and was associated with age group, household income level, education level, and physicians' recommendation of spectacle wear. Participants who were of nonproductive age (80%), had the highest household income level (88.2%), the highest level of education (87.5%), and had been recommended for spectacle use by their physicians (80.9%) demonstrated higher SCR. Participants with the highest household income had the highest SCR. Patients who had received a physician's recommendation showed a higher SCR and were 26 times more likely to wear spectacles (odds ratio [OR] 25.99, 95% CI 2.59-260.10). Conclusion There is an unmet need for refractive errors after cataract surgery. Factors such as household income levels and physician recommendations were predictive of spectacle wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Rahayu
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yeni Dwi Lestari
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asti Ayudianingrum
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lutfah Rif’ati
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Hashemi H, Malekifar PM, Pourmatin R, Sajadi M, Aghamirsalim M, Khabazkhoob M. Prevalence of Uncorrected Refractive Error and Its Risk Factors; Tehran Geriatric Eye Study (TGES). Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2021; 29:216-222. [PMID: 33913793 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2021.1919311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the age-sex-standardized prevalence of uncorrected refractive error and its determinantsMethods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 3310 people aged≥ 60 years in Tehran, Iran in 2019. Need for spectacles was defined as uncorrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 in better eye that could be corrected to more than 20/40 with suitable spectacles. Met need was defined as proportion of individuals with need for spectacles whose visual acuity was 20/40 or better with current spectacles. Unmet need was defined as proportion of individuals with need for spectacles who needed but did not have spectacles or their visual acuity was worse than 20/40 with current spectacles while suitable spectacles improved their visual acuity to 20/40 or better.Results: The age-sex-standardized prevalence of need for spectacles, met need, and unmet need was 16.67% (95% CI: 15.33-18.09), 7.81% (95% CI: 6.95-8.78), and 8.85% (95% CI: 7.77-10.07), respectively. Myopic subjects had the highest prevalence of need for spectacles (24.06%, 95% CI: 21.47-26.87). The odds ratio of met and unmet need in subjects≥ 80 years versus those aged 60-65 years was 0.36 (p-value: 0.009) and 2.34 (p-value: <0.001), respectively. The odds ratio of met and unmet need in subjects with a university education versus illiterate subjects was 1.72 (p-value: 0.045) and 0.42 (p-value: 0.007), respectively.Conclusion: The prevalence of uncorrected refractive error was lower in this study compared to previous studies. The met need rate was lower in subjects with older age and lower education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Eye Hospital, Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Malekifar Malekifar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rama Pourmatin
- Noor Eye Hospital, Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massomeh Sajadi
- Noor Eye Hospital, Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ghiasvand H, Mohamadi E, Olyaeemanesh A, Kiani MM, Armoon B, Takian A. Health equity in Iran: A systematic review. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021; 35:51. [PMID: 34268239 PMCID: PMC8271272 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.35.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Health inequities are among debatable and challenging aspects of health systems. Achieving equity through social determinants of health approach has been mentioned in most upstream national plans and acts in Iran. This paper reports the findings of a systematic review of the current synthesized evidence on health equity in Iran.
Methods: This is a narrative systematic review. The relevant concepts and terminology in health equity was found through MeSH. We retrieved the relevant studies from PubMed/MedLine, Social Sciences Database, and Google Scholar in English, plus the Jihad University Database (SID), and Google Scholar in Farsi databases from 1979 until the end of January 2018. The retrieved evidence has been assessed primarily based on PICOS criteria and then Ottawa-Newcastle Scale, and CASP for qualitative studies. We used PRISMA flow diagram and a narrative approach for synthesizing the evidence.
Results: We retrieved 172 455 studies. Following the primary and quality appraisal process, 114 studies were entered in the final phase of the analysis. The main part (approximately 95%) of the final phase included cross-sectional studies that had been analyzed through current descriptive inequality analysis indicators, analytical regression, or decomposition-based approaches. The studies were categorized within 3 main groups: health outcomes (40.3%), health utilization (32%), and health expenditures (27%).
Conclusion: As a part of understanding the current situation of health equity in the policymakers’ need to refer the retrieved evidence in this study, they need more inputs specially regarding the social determinants of health approach. It seems that health equity research plan in Iran needs to be redirected in new paths that give appropriate weights to biological, gene-based, environmental and contextbased, economic, social, and political aspects of health as well. We advocate addressing the aspects of Social Determinant of Health (SDH) in analyzing health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Ghiasvand
- Health Economics Group, Medical School, Institute of Health Researches, South Cloister Building, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Olyaeemanesh
- National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Kiani
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Global Health & Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Takian
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Global Health & Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yekta A, Hashemi H, Pakzad R, Aghamirsalim M, Ostadimoghaddam H, Doostdar A, Khoshhal F, Khabazkhoob M. Economic Inequality in Unmet Refractive Error Need in Deprived Rural Population of Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol 2020; 32:189-194. [PMID: 32671304 PMCID: PMC7337026 DOI: 10.4103/joco.joco_100_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine economic inequality in unmet refractive error (RE) need and its determinants in deprived rural population of Iran. Methods: In this population-based study, two villages were randomly selected from among underserved villages of Iran. After selecting the participants, optometric examinations, including uncorrected and corrected visual acuity and subjective and manifest refraction, were done for all the participants. Then, unmet need for glasses was determined. Concentration index (C) was used to assess inequality, and Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method was applied to decompose the gap between the two groups based on the determinants. Results: Of 3851 samples, 3314 participated in the study (response rate = 86.05%). The data of 3255 participants were used for analysis. The value of C and 95% confidence interval (CI) was −0.088 (−0.157 to −0.020), indicating a pro-poor inequality in unmet need. The prevalence (95% CI) of unmet need was 11.74% (9.25–14.22) in the poor and 6.51% (4.96–8.06) in the rich, with a gap of about 5% in favor of the rich (P < 0.001). A marked percentage of the gap was due to the explained portion (b = 5.73; P = 0.031). In the explained portion, the variable of economic status (b = 3.48; P = 0.004) and myopia (b = 0.88; P = 0.031) caused inequality in favor of the rich and against the poor, respectively. In the unexplained portion (b = −0.51; P = 0.372), the variables of education (P = 0.002) and place (P = 0.001) had statistically significant effects on inequality. Conclusions: There is a significant pro-poor economic inequality in the prevalence of unmet need in rural areas of Iran. Although part of this inequality is related to variables such as education and myopia, a major portion (two thirds) of this inequality may be due to the direct effect of economic inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asgar Doostdar
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Khoshhal
- Department of Pediatrics, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Management, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The reduction of horizontal inequity in unmet refractive error: The Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, 2009-2014. J Curr Ophthalmol 2019; 31:188-194. [PMID: 31317098 PMCID: PMC6611932 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure Horizontal Inequity Index (HI) of unmet refractive error and its changes between 2009 and 2014 in Iran. Methods The data used in this study was taken from population-based study, Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. The number of participants analyzed in first (2009) and second phases of study (2014) were 5190 and 4737, respectively, and individuals between 40 and 64 years were included. The HI was determined by using the Concentration Index (C) based on the nonlinear (Probit) model, and C was decomposed to identify and quantify the contribution of each factor. Results After adjusting for need variables, the results demonstrated that the HI in unmet refractive need decreased from −0.288 (95% CI: 0.370, −0.206) in the 2009 to −0.132 (95% CI: 0.290, −0.028) in 2014. Decomposition of the C showed that level of education and economic status were the greatest contributors with shares of 26.2% and 17.9%, respectively, in reducing the amount of HI in unmet refractive error between 2009 and 2014. Conclusions The current study demonstrated that unmet refractive error did not have an equal distribution among economic quintiles, despite the same need for correcting refractive errors. Reducing the amount of HI in unmet refractive error between 2009 and 2014 indicated an improvement in the unmet need in the five years period between two phases of study.
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Mansouri A, Emamian MH, Zeraati H, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. Economic Inequality in Presenting Vision in Shahroud, Iran: Two Decomposition Methods. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018; 7:59-69. [PMID: 29325403 PMCID: PMC5745868 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Visual acuity, like many other health-related problems, does not have an equal distribution in terms of socio-economic factors. We conducted this study to estimate and decompose economic inequality in presenting visual acuity using two methods and to compare their results in a population aged 40-64 years in Shahroud, Iran.
Methods: The data of 5188 participants in the first phase of the Shahroud Cohort Eye Study, performed in 2009, were used for this study. Our outcome variable was presenting vision acuity (PVA) that was measured using LogMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution). The living standard variable used for estimation of inequality was the economic status and was constructed by principal component analysis on home assets. Inequality indices were concentration index and the gap between low and high economic groups. We decomposed these indices by the concentration index and BlinderOaxaca decomposition approaches respectively and compared the results.
Results: The concentration index of PVA was -0.245 (95% CI: -0.278, -0.212). The PVA gap between groups with a high and low economic status was 0.0705 and was in favor of the high economic group. Education, economic status, and age were the most important contributors of inequality in both concentration index and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Percent contribution of these three factors in the concentration index and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was 41.1% vs. 43.4%, 25.4% vs. 19.1% and 15.2% vs. 16.2%, respectively. Other factors including gender, marital status, employment status and diabetes had minor contributions.
Conclusion: This study showed that individuals with poorer visual acuity were more concentrated among people with a lower economic status. The main contributors of this inequality were similar in concentration index and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. So, it can be concluded that setting appropriate interventions to promote the literacy and income level in people with low economic status, formulating policies to address economic problems in the elderly, and paying more attention to their vision problems can help to alleviate economic inequality in visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Mansouri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hojjat Zeraati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Damghanian M, Shariati M, Mirzaiinajmabadi K, Yunesian M, Emamian MH. Socioeconomic inequality and its determinants regarding infant mortality in iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e17602. [PMID: 25068048 PMCID: PMC4102981 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.17602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant mortality rate is a useful indicator of health conditions in the society, the racial and socioeconomic inequality of which is from the most important measures of social inequality. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the socioeconomic inequality and its determinants regarding infant mortality in an Iranian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 3794 children born during 2010-2011 in Shahroud, Iran. Based on children's addresses and phone numbers, 3412 were available and finally 3297 participated in the study. A data collection form was filled out through interviewing the mothers as well as using health records. Using principal component analysis, the study population was divided to high and low socioeconomic groups based on the case's home asset, education and job of the household's head, marital status, and composition of the household members. Inequality between the groups with regard to infant mortality was investigated by Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. RESULTS The mortality rate was 15.1 per 1000 live births in the high socioeconomic group and 42.3 per 1000 in the low socioeconomic group. Mother's education, consanguinity of parents, and infant's nutrition type and birth weight constituted 44% of the gap contributing factors. Child's gender, high-risk pregnancy, and living area had no impact on the gap. CONCLUSIONS There was considerable socioeconomic inequality regarding infant mortality in Shahroud. Mother's education was the most contributing factor in this inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Damghanian
- Department of Reproductive Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Shariati
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Khadigeh Mirzaiinajmabadi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2332396714, Fax: +98-2332394852, E-mail:
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Emamian MH, Zeraati H, Majdzadeh R, Shariati M, Hashemi H, Jafarzadehpur E, Fotouhi A. Economic inequality in presenting near vision acuity in a middle-aged population: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 97:1100-3. [PMID: 23636851 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate economic inequality and its determinants in near vision, in a middle-aged population. METHODS In this population-based study, the presenting near vision in the better eye was investigated as the main outcome. If this vision revealed a value ≥1.6 M, the participant was considered to have presenting near vision impairment (PNVI). The effect of variables studied on PNVI was investigated using logistic regression. Economic inequality in PNVI was investigated using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method. RESULTS PNVI in the better eye was observed in 18.2% (95% CI 16.8 to 19.6) of participants. The prevalence of PNVI in the high and low economic groups was 11.7% (95% CI 10.3 to 13.0) and 28.5% (95% CI 26.0 to 31.0), respectively. Age and education were observed as the main factors in the explained portion of this gap and were in favour of the high economic group. Gender and eye care utilisation were factors affecting the unexplained portion of this gap and were in favour of the low economic group. CONCLUSIONS Economic inequality plays a significant role in PNVI, while age and education are among the main factors affecting this gap. The effect caused by any change in these two factors was found to have a greater effect on women with low economic status.
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Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Shariati M, Emamian MH, Yazdani K, Jafarzadehpur E, Koohian H, Khademi MR, Hodjatjalali K, Kheirkhah A, Chaman R, Malihi S, Mirzaii M, Khabazkhoob M. Cohort profile: Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 42:1300-8. [PMID: 23081880 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shahroud Eye Cohort Study was set up to determine the prevalence and incidence of visual impairment and major eye conditions in the 40-64-year-old population of Shahroud as a Middle Eastern population. The first phase of the study was conducted in 2009-10. Using random cluster sampling, 6311 Shahroud inhabitants were invited for ophthalmologic examinations; of these, 5190 participants completed phase 1 (participation rate of 82.2%). All participants were interviewed to collect data on participants' demographics, occupation status, socioeconomic status, history of smoking, and medical and ophthalmic history, as well as history of medication, and the quality and duration of their insurance. DNA and plasma samples, as well as four dots of whole blood were collected from participants. Extensive optometric and ophthalmologic examinations were performed for each participant, including lensometry of current glasses, testing near and far visual acuity; determining objective and subjective refraction; eye motility; cycloplegic refraction; colour vision test; slit-lamp biomicroscopy and intraocular pressure measurement; direct and indirect fundoscopy; perimetry test; ocular biometry; corneal topography; lens and fundus photography; and the Schirmer's (1008 participants) and tear breakup time tests (1013 participants). The study data are available for collaborative research at Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran, Education Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Optometry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Open University of Shahroud, Shahroud, Iran
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