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Voltage Readjustment Methodology According to Pressure and Temperature Applied to a High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The operating conditions can have uncontrolled effects on the voltage of a High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC). For instance, the HT-PEMFC can be used at ambient pressure, i.e., without having a back pressure regulator. In this case, the variation in the atmospheric pressure directly affects pressures inside the fuel cell, which induces voltage variation. Moreover, in transient phases, several coupled phenomena can have an uncontrolled effect on the voltage. For example, following a change in the current operating point, thermal conditions in the fuel cell can vary, and the temperature stabilization then leads to a voltage variation. This article introduces a readjustment method for the fuel cell voltage to compensate for the effects of the pressure and temperature variations that are undergone and to decouple their effects. This methodology is based on the realization of a design of experiments to characterize the voltage sensitivity to pressure ([1; 1.5 bar]) and temperature ([120; 180 °C]) between 0.2 and 1 A/cm2 of an Advent PBI MEA (formerly BASF Celtec®-P 1100 W). The data obtained allowed identifying an empirical model that takes into account the aging caused by the experiment. Finally, the methodology is criticized before proposing an alternative method.
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Wong CY, Wong WY, Loh KS, Lim KL. Protic ionic liquids as next-generation proton exchange membrane materials: Current status & future perspectives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li Y, Ma Z, Zheng M, Li D, Lu Z, Xu B. Performance Analysis and Optimization of a High-Temperature PEMFC Vehicle Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11090691. [PMID: 34564508 PMCID: PMC8466202 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) model using the polybenzimidazole membrane doped with phosphoric acid molecules is developed based on finite time thermodynamics, considering various polarization losses and losses caused by leakage current. The mathematical expressions of the output power density and efficiency of the HT-PEMFC are deduced. The reliability of the model is verified by the experimental data. The effects of operating parameters and design parameters on the output performance of the HT-PEMFC are further analyzed. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for the multi-objective optimization of the power density and efficiency of the HT-PEMFC. The results show that the output performance of the optimized HT-PEMFC is improved. Then, according to the different output performance of the low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC), HT-PEMFC, and optimized HT-PEMFC, different design schemes are provided for a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) powertrain. Simulation tests are conducted under different driving cycles, and the results show that the FCV with the optimized HT-PEMFC is more efficient and consumes less hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheshu Ma
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-137-7665-9269
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Thermodynamic Optimization of a High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell for Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9151792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a finite time thermodynamic model of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) is established, in which the irreversible losses of polarization and leakage current during the cell operation are considered. The influences of operating temperature, membrane thickness, phosphoric acid doping level, hydrogen and oxygen intake pressure on the maximum output power density Pmax and the maximum output efficiency ηmax are studied. As the temperature rises, Pmax and ηmax will increase. The decrease of membrane thickness will increase Pmax, but has little influence on the ηmax. The increase of phosphoric acid doping level can increase Pmax, but it has little effect on the ηmax. With the increase of hydrogen and oxygen intake pressure, Pmax and ηmax will be improved. This article also obtains the optimization relationship between power density and thermodynamic efficiency, and the optimization range interval of HT-PEMFC which will provide guidance for applicable use of HT-PEMFCs.
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A 3D Simulation of Single-Channel High-Temperature Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performances. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9173633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fuel cell is an electrochemical energy converter that directly converts the chemical energy of the fuel into electrical current and heat. The fuel cell has been able to identify itself as a source of clean energy over the past few decades. In order to achieve the durability and stability of fuel cells, many parameters should be considered and evaluated Therefore, in this study, a single-channel high-temperature polymer exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) has been numerically simulated in three-dimensional, isothermal and single-phase approach. The distribution of the hydrogen and oxygen concentrations, as well as water in the anode and cathode, are shown; then the effect of different parameters of the operating pressure, the gas diffusion layer porosity, the electrical conductivity of the gas diffusion layer, the ionic conductivity of the membrane and the membrane thickness are investigated and evaluated on the fuel cell performance. The results showed that the pressure drop in the cathode channel was higher than the anode channel, so that the pressure drop in the cathode channel was higher than 9 bars but, in the anode channel was equal to 2 bars. By examining the species concentration, it was observed that their concentration at the entrance was higher and at the output was reduced due to participation in the reaction and consumption. Also, with increasing the operating pressure, the electrical conductivity of the gas diffusion layer and ionic conduction of the membrane, the performance of the fuel cell is improved.
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Application of a Coated Film Catalyst Layer Model to a High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with Low Catalyst Loading Produced by Reactive Spray Deposition Technology. Catalysts 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/catal5041673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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A review of the development of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carregal-Romero S, Rinklin P, Schulze S, Schäfer M, Ott A, Hühn D, Yu X, Wolfrum B, Weitzel KM, Parak WJ. Ion Transport Through Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:1820-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Carregal-Romero
- Fachbereich Physik; Philipps Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
- BIONAND; Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología; Málaga Spain
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Institute of Bioelectronics PGI-8/ICS-8, JARA-FIT; Forschungszentrum, Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - Susanne Schulze
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Andrea Ott
- Fachbereich Physik; Philipps Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Dominik Hühn
- Fachbereich Physik; Philipps Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Xiang Yu
- Fachbereich Physik; Philipps Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics PGI-8/ICS-8, JARA-FIT; Forschungszentrum, Jülich Jülich Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik; Philipps Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
- CIC Biomagune; San Sebastian Spain
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Xu C, Wang X, Wu X, Cao Y, Scott K. A composite membrane of caesium salt of heteropolyacids/quaternary Diazabicyclo-octane polysulfone with poly (tetrafluoroethylene) for intermediate temperature fuel cells. MEMBRANES 2012; 2:384-94. [PMID: 24958287 PMCID: PMC4021907 DOI: 10.3390/membranes2030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic-organic composite electrolyte membranes were fabricated from CsXH3−XPMo12O40 (CsPOMo) and quaternary diazabicyclo-octane polysulfone (QDPSU) using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous matrix for the application of intermediate temperature fuel cells. The CsPOMo/QDPSU/PTFE composite membrane was made proton conducting by using a relatively low phosphoric acid loading, which benefits the stability of the membrane conductivity and the mechanical strength. The casting method was used in order to build a thin and robust composite membrane. The resulting composite membrane films were characterised in terms of the elemental composition, membrane structure and morphology by EDX, FTIR and SEM. The proton conductivity of the membrane was 0.04 S cm−1 with a H3PO4 loading level of 1.8 PRU (amount of H3PO4 per repeat unit of polymer QDPSU). The fuel cell performance with the membrane gave a peak power density of 240 mW cm−2 at 150 °C and atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Yuancheng Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Keith Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.
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Phosphate adsorption and its effect on oxygen reduction reaction for PtxCoy alloy and Aucore–Ptshell electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Lu H, Rihko-Struckmann L, Sundmacher K. Spontaneous oscillations of cell voltage, power density, and anode exit CO concentration in a PEM fuel cell. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18179-85. [PMID: 21938289 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous oscillations of the cell voltage and output power density of a PEMFC (with PtRu/C anode) using CO-containing H(2) streams as anodic fuels have been observed during galvanostatic operating. It is ascribed to the dynamic coupling of the CO adsorption (poisoning) and the electrochemical CO oxidation (reactivating) processes in the anode chamber of the single PEMFC. Accompanying the cell voltage and power density oscillations, the discrete CO concentration oscillations at the anode outlet of the PEMFC were also detected, which directly confirms the electrochemical CO oxidation taking place in the anode chamber during galvanostatic operating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Xu C, Wu X, Wang X, Mamlouk M, Scott K. Composite membranes of polybenzimidazole and caesium-salts-of-heteropolyacids for intermediate temperature fuel cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mamlouk M, Sousa T, Scott K. A High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Model for Reformate Gas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/520473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-dimensional model of a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell using polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes is described. The model considers mass transport through a thin film electrolyte covering the catalyst particles as well as through the porous media. The incorporation of a thin film model describing reactant gas mass transport through electrolyte covering the electrocatalyst is shown to be an essential requirement for accurate simulation. The catalyst interface is represented using a macrohomogeneous model. The influence of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane, which would be present in a reformate gas, is considered in terms of the effect on the anode polarisation/kinetics behaviour. The model simulates the influence of operating conditions, cell parameters, and fuel gas compositions on the cell voltage current density characteristics. The model gives good predictions of the effect of oxygen and air pressures on cell behaviour and correctly simulates the mass transport behaviour of the cell. The model with reformate gas shows that additional voltage losses associated with CO poisoning can lead to loss in voltage of tens of mV and thus reduction in power.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mamlouk
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Tiago Sousa
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Keith Scott
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
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Xu C, Cao Y, Kumar R, Wu X, Wang X, Scott K. A polybenzimidazole/sulfonated graphite oxide composite membrane for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11159k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Sousa T, Mamlouk M, Scott K. An isothermal model of a laboratory intermediate temperature fuel cell using PBI doped phosphoric acid membranes. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li Q, Jensen JO, Savinell RF, Bjerrum NJ. High temperature proton exchange membranes based on polybenzimidazoles for fuel cells. Prog Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1047] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Development of high-temperature PEMFC based on heteropolyacids and polybenzimidazole. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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