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Lokar N, Pečar B, Možek M, Vrtačnik D. Microfluidic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor with In Situ Enzyme Immobilization. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:364. [PMID: 36979576 PMCID: PMC10046266 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development and characterization of a microfluidic electrochemical glucose biosensor are presented herein. The transducer part is based on thin-film metal electrodes on a glass substrate. The biological recognition element of the biosensor is the pyrroloquinoline quinone-glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GdhB) enzyme, selectively in situ immobilized via microcontact printing of a mixed self-assembling monolayer (SAM) on a gold working electrode, while the microfluidic part of the device comprises microchannel and microfluidic connections formed in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. The electrode properties throughout all steps of biosensor construction and the biosensor response to glucose concentration and analyte flow rate were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. A measurement range of up to 10 mM in glucose concentration with a linear range up to 200 μM was determined. A detection limit of 30 µM in glucose concentration was obtained. Respective biosensor sensitivities of 0.79 nA/µM/mm2 and 0.61 nA/µM/mm2 were estimated with and without a flow at 20 µL/min. The developed approach of in situ enzyme immobilization can find a wide number of applications in the development of microfluidic biosensors, offering a path towards continuous and time-independent detection.
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Komatsu T, Hishii K, Kimura M, Amaya S, Sakamoto H, Takamura E, Satomura T, Suye SI. Highly Efficient Multi-Step Oxidation Bioanode Using Microfluidic Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413503. [PMID: 34948296 PMCID: PMC8703374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid decline of fossil fuels, various types of biofuel cells (BFCs) are being developed as an alternative energy source. BFCs based on multi-enzyme cascade reactions are utilized to extract more electrons from substrates. Thus, more power density is obtained from a single molucule of substrate. In the present study, a bioanode that could extract six electrons from a single molecule of L-proline via a three-enzyme cascade reaction was developed and investigated for its possible use in BFCs. These enzymes were immobilized on the electrode to ensure highly efficient electron transfer. Then, oriented immobilization of enzymes was achieved using two types of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). In addition, a microfluidic system was incorporated to achieve efficient electron transfer. The microfluidic system, in which the electrodes were arranged in a tooth-shaped comb, allowed for substrates to be supplied continuously to the cascade, which resulted in smooth electron transfer. Finally, we developed a high-performance bioanode which resulted in the accumulation of higher current density compared to that of a gold disc electrode (205.8 μA cm−2: approximately 187 times higher). This presents an opportunity for using the bioanode to develop high-performance BFCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Komatsu
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Kazuki Hishii
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
| | - Michiko Kimura
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
| | - Satoshi Amaya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Sakamoto
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eiichiro Takamura
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
| | - Takenori Satomura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Shin-ichiro Suye
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.H.); (M.K.); (E.T.); (S.-i.S.)
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Quintero-Jaime AF, Conzuelo F, Schuhmann W, Cazorla-Amorós D, Morallón E. Multi‐wall carbon nanotubes electrochemically modified with phosphorus and nitrogen functionalities as a basis for bioelectrodes with improved performance. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Quintero-Jaime AF, Conzuelo F, Cazorla-Amorós D, Morallón E. Pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase bioelectrodes based on one-step electrochemical entrapment over single-wall carbon nanotubes. Talanta 2021; 232:122386. [PMID: 34074388 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective direct electron transfer is considered an interesting platform to obtain high performance bioelectrodes. Therefore, designing of scalable and cost-effective immobilization routes that promotes correct direct electrical contacting between the electrode material and the redox enzyme is still required. As we present here, electrochemical entrapment of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) on single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-modified electrodes was carried out in a single step during electrooxidation of para-aminophenyl phosphonic acid (4-APPA) to obtain active bioelectrodes. The adequate interaction between SWCNTs and the enzyme can be achieved by making use of phosphorus groups introduced during the electrochemical co-deposition of films, improving the electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation. Two different procedures were investigated for electrode fabrication, namely the entrapment of reconstituted holoenzyme (PQQ-GDH) and the entrapment of apoenzyme (apo-GDH) followed by subsequent in situ reconstitution with the redox cofactor PQQ. In both cases, PQQ-GDH preserves its electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation. Moreover, in comparison with a conventional drop-casting method, an important enhancement in sensitivity was obtained for glucose oxidation (981.7 ± 3.5 nA mM-1) using substantially lower amounts of enzyme and cofactor (PQQ). The single step electrochemical entrapment in presence of 4-APPA provides a simple method for the fabrication of enzymatic bioelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Quintero-Jaime
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsst. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Diego Cazorla-Amorós
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Emilia Morallón
- Departamento de Química Física and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante (IUMA), University of Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain.
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Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) have long been recognized as crucial “bridges” between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance and SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups, are the most significant controlling factors in DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. In particular, SAM-modified nanostructured electrode materials have recently been extensively explored to improve the catalytic activity and stability of redox proteins immobilized on electrochemical surfaces. In this report, we present an overview of recent investigations of electrochemical enzyme DET processes on SAMs with a focus on single-crystal and nanoporous gold electrodes. Specifically, we consider the preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, as well as SAM applications in promoting interfacial electrochemical electron transfer of redox proteins and enzymes. The strategic selection of SAMs to accord with the properties of the core redox protein/enzymes is also highlighted.
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Label-free impedance detection of cancer cells from whole blood on an integrated centrifugal microfluidic platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Scherbahn V, Putze M, Dietzel B, Heinlein T, Schneider J, Lisdat F. Biofuel cells based on direct enzyme–electrode contacts using PQQ-dependent glucose dehydrogenase/bilirubin oxidase and modified carbon nanotube materials. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:631-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zor E, Oztekin Y, Mikoliunaite L, Voronovic J, Ramanaviciene A, Anusevicius Z, Bingol H, Ramanavicius A. 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone as redox mediators for amperometric glucose biosensors. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Monitoring of PQQ-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase Substrate Specificity for Its Potential Use in Biocatalysis and Bioanalysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1032-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Urbanova V, Kohring GW, Klein T, Wang Z, Mert O, Emrullahoglu M, Buran K, Demir AS, Etienne M, Walcarius A. Sol-gel Approaches for Elaboration of Polyol Dehydrogenase-Based Bioelectrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2013.0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This review describes the input of sol-gel chemistry to the immobilization of polyol dehydrogenases on electrodes, for applications in bioelectrocatalysis. The polyol dehydrogenases are described and their application for biosensing, biofuel cell and electrosynthesis are briefly discussed. The immobilization of proteins via sol-gel approaches is described, including a discussion on the difficulty to maintain the activity of proteins in a silica matrix and the strategies developed to offer a proper environment to the proteins by developing optimal organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Finally, the co-immobilization of the NAD
+
co-factor and of mediators for the elaboration of reagentless devices is presented, based on published and original data. All-in-all, sol-gel approaches appear to be a very promising for development of original electrochemical applications involving dehydrogenases in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Urbanova
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Lab. de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie, Villers-les-Nancy, Frankreich
| | | | - Tobias Klein
- Saarland University, Microbiology, Saarbrücken, Deutschland
| | - Zhijie Wang
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Lab. de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie, Villers-les-Nancy, Frankreich
| | - Olcay Mert
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Türkei
| | | | - Kerem Buran
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Türkei
| | - Ayhan S. Demir
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Türkei
| | | | - Alain Walcarius
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Lab. de Chemie Physique et Microbiologie, Villers-les-Nancy, Frankreich
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Qin X, Asiri AM, Alamry KA, Al-Youbi AO, Sun X. Carbon nitride dots can serve as an effective stabilizing agent for reduced graphene oxide and help in subsequent assembly with glucose oxidase into hybrids for glucose detection application. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Devadoss A, Han H, Song T, Kim YP, Paik U. Gold nanoparticle-composite nanofibers for enzymatic electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide. Analyst 2013; 138:5025-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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