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Zhang T, Xue Z, Xie Y, Huang G, Peng G. Fabrication of a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond grown on an WC–Co electrode for degradation of phenol. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26580-26587. [PMID: 36275150 PMCID: PMC9486173 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04449h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cemented carbide (WC–Co) is applied as the substrate instead of conventional ones such as Si, Ti, and Nb, on which nanocrystalline BDD films are deposited by hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Then the WC–Co/BDD electrodes are investigated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Micro-Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a four-point probe method, accelerated life test (ALT), and electrochemical analysis. According to the results, the BDD films deposited on the WC–Co substrate are highly uniform and pinhole-free with a grain size of 100 nm and a low compressive stress. The WC–Co/BDD electrode has a wide potential window of 3.8 V and low background currents in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 electrolytes and shows a quasi-reversible behavior in the K3[Fe(CN)6] redox system. The electrode has a service life of more than 400 h in the ALT with 3 mol L−1 H2SO4 electrolytes at a constant current density of 1 A cm−2. These electrochemical performances of BDD films on the WC–Co substrate is similar to or even slightly better than that on the commonly used substrates. Finally, phenol is used as a pollutant to test the activity of the WC–Co/BDD electrode. The results of replicated experiments show that the average COD reduces from the initial 5795 to 85 mg L−1, and the average current efficiency is about 46%. This suggests that the WC–Co/BDD electrode has a good mineralization capacity in phenol with a high concentration. WC–Co is applied as the substrate instead of conventional ones, on which nanocrystalline BDD films are deposited by HFCVD. WC–Co/BDD electrode like the standard BDD shows a wide potential window and a good mineralization capacity in phenol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Mechanical Institute of Technology, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201316, China
| | - Zhe Xue
- Zhangjiagang Weina New Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 201316, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Mechanical Institute of Technology, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Mechanical Institute of Technology, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guangpan Peng
- Mechanical Institute of Technology, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
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Isidro J, Brackemeyer D, Sáez C, Llanos J, Lobato J, Cañizares P, Matthée T, Rodrigo MA. How to avoid the formation of hazardous chlorates and perchlorates during electro-disinfection with diamond anodes? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 265:110566. [PMID: 32275236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on disinfection of water using electrolysis with diamond coatings avoiding or minimizing the formation of hazardous chlorates and perchlorates using a special type of commercial cells designed by CONDIAS (Itzehoe, Germany) in two different sizes: the CabECO and the MIKROZON cells. In these cells, the electrolyte that separates the anode and cathode is a proton exchange membrane. This helps to minimize the production of perchlorate and this behavior is enhanced in the smallest cell for which the very low contact times between the electrodes and the water allows to avoid the production of perchlorates when operating in a single-pass mode, which becomes a really remarkable point. In this paper, we report tests in which we demonstrate this outstanding performance and we also explain the differences observed in the two cells operating with the same water.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Isidro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D Brackemeyer
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - C Sáez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Llanos
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - J Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - T Matthée
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Ornelas Dávila O, Lacalle Bergeron L, Ruiz Gutiérrez P, Dávila Jiménez M, Sirés I, Brillas E, Roig Navarro A, Beltrán Arandes J, Sancho Llopis J. Electrochemical oxidation of dibenzothiophene compounds on BDD electrode in acetonitrile–water medium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martín de Vidales MJ, Castro MP, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Radiation-assisted electrochemical processes in semi-pilot scale for the removal of clopyralid from soil washing wastes. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jiang M, Yu H, Li X, Lu S, Hu X. Thermal oxidation induced high electrochemical activity of boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Martín de Vidales MJ, Millán M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Irradiated-assisted electrochemical processes for the removal of persistent pollutants from real wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Martín de Vidales MJ, Cotillas S, Perez-Serrano JF, Llanos J, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Scale-up of electrolytic and photoelectrolytic processes for water reclaiming: a preliminary study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19713-22. [PMID: 27406224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the scale-up of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical oxidation processes with diamond anodes for the removal of organic pollutants and disinfection of treated urban wastewater, two of the most important parameters for the reclaiming of wastewater. The removal of organics was studied with actual biologically treated urban wastewater intensified with 100 mg dm(-3) of caffeine, added as a trace organic pollutant. The disinfection was also studied with biologically treated urban wastewater, and Escherichia coli was used to monitor the efficiency of the process. Results obtained with a single DiaCell® 101 were compared with those obtained with a single-stack DiaCell® 1001 and with a pilot plant made up of five of these stacks. Results obtained demonstrate that scale-up is not a simple but a very complex process, in which not only the electrode and the irradiation dose are important but also mass transfer conditions. Enhanced mass transport conditions have a determining and very positive effect on the removal of organics and a negative effect on the disinfection. Likewise, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation affects in a different way in the different setups used, having a great influence on the removal of complex organics and on the speciation of oxidants produced during disinfection. This works helps to understand the key differences observed in the scale-up, and it is a first approach for future works focused on the real application of conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Martín de Vidales
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Salvador Cotillas
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José F Perez-Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Llanos
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering. Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio E. Costa, Campus Universitario s/n 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Martínez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA, Sirés I, Scialdone O. Single and Coupled Electrochemical Processes and Reactors for the Abatement of Organic Water Pollutants: A Critical Review. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13362-407. [PMID: 26654466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional physicochemical and biological techniques, as well as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are often inadequate, ineffective, or expensive for industrial water reclamation. Within this context, the electrochemical technologies have found a niche where they can become dominant in the near future, especially for the abatement of biorefractory substances. In this critical review, some of the most promising electrochemical tools for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by organic pollutants are discussed in detail with the following goals: (1) to present the fundamental aspects of the selected processes; (2) to discuss the effect of both the main operating parameters and the reactor design on their performance; (3) to critically evaluate their advantages and disadvantages; and (4) to forecast the prospect of their utilization on an applicable scale by identifying the key points to be further investigated. The review is focused on the direct electrochemical oxidation, the indirect electrochemical oxidation mediated by electrogenerated active chlorine, and the coupling between anodic and cathodic processes. The last part of the review is devoted to the critical assessment of the reactors that can be used to put these technologies into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Martínez-Huitle
- Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Av. Salgado Filho 3000 Campus Universitário Lagoa-Nova CEP 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università degli Studi di Palermo , Palermo 90128, Italy
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Zanin H, Margraf-Ferreira A, da Silva N, Marciano F, Corat E, Lobo A. Graphene and carbon nanotube composite enabling a new prospective treatment for trichomoniasis disease. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hollanda L, Lobo A, Lancellotti M, Berni E, Corat E, Zanin H. Graphene and carbon nanotube nanocomposite for gene transfection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 39:288-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zanin H, Hollanda LM, Ceragioli HJ, Ferreira MS, Machado D, Lancellotti M, Catharino RR, Baranauskas V, Lobo AO. Carbon nanoparticles for gene transfection in eukaryotic cell lines. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 39:359-70. [PMID: 24863237 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, oxygen terminated cellulose carbon nanoparticles (CCN) was synthesised and applied in gene transfection of pIRES plasmid. The CCN was prepared from catalytic of polyaniline by chemical vapour deposition techniques. This plasmid contains one gene that encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in eukaryotic cells, making them fluorescent. This new nanomaterial and pIRES plasmid formed π-stacking when dispersed in water by magnetic stirring. The frequencies shift in zeta potential confirmed the plasmid strongly connects to the nanomaterial. In vitro tests found that this conjugation was phagocytised by NG97, NIH-3T3 and A549 cell lines making them fluorescent, which was visualised by fluorescent microscopy. Before the transfection test, we studied CCN in cell viability. Both MTT and Neutral Red uptake tests were carried out using NG97, NIH-3T3 and A549 cell lines. Further, we use metabolomics to verify if small amounts of nanomaterial would be enough to cause some cellular damage in NG97 cells. We showed two mechanisms of action by CCN-DNA complex, producing an exogenous protein by the transfected cell and metabolomic changes that contributed by better understanding of glioblastoma, being the major finding of this work. Our results suggested that this nanomaterial has great potential as a gene carrier agent in non-viral based therapy, with low cytotoxicity, good transfection efficiency, and low cell damage in small amounts of nanomaterials in metabolomic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zanin
- Departamento de Semicondutores, Instrumentos e Fotônica, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - L M Hollanda
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology at UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - H J Ceragioli
- Departamento de Semicondutores, Instrumentos e Fotônica, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M S Ferreira
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Medicine and Experimental Surgery Nucleus, UNICAMP, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-877, Brazil
| | - D Machado
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology at UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - M Lancellotti
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology at UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - R R Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, Medicine and Experimental Surgery Nucleus, UNICAMP, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-877, Brazil
| | - V Baranauskas
- Departamento de Semicondutores, Instrumentos e Fotônica, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A O Lobo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnology (NANOBIO), Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, Sao Jose dos Campos 12224-000, SP, Brazil
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Zanin H, May PW, Fermin DJ, Plana D, Vieira SMC, Milne WI, Corat EJ. Porous boron-doped diamond/carbon nanotube electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:990-995. [PMID: 24392640 DOI: 10.1021/am4044344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring boron-doped diamond (BDD) films increases their sensitivity and performance when used as electrodes in electrochemical environments. We have developed a method to produce such nanostructured, porous electrodes by depositing BDD thin film onto a densely packed "forest" of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNTs had previously been exposed to a suspension of nanodiamond in methanol causing them to clump together into "teepee" or "honeycomb" structures. These nanostructured CNT/BDD composite electrodes have been extensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Not only do these electrodes possess the excellent, well-known characteristics associated with BDD (large potential window, chemical inertness, low background levels), but also they have electroactive areas and double-layer capacitance values ∼450 times greater than those for the equivalent flat BDD electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zanin
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Hamers RJ, Bandy JA, Zhu D, Zhang L. Photoemission from diamond films and substrates into water: dynamics of solvated electrons and implications for diamond photoelectrochemistry. Faraday Discuss 2014; 172:397-411. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Illumination of diamond with above-bandgap light results in emission of electrons into water and formation of solvated electrons. Here we characterize the materials factors that affect that dynamics of the solvated electrons produced by illumination of niobium substrates and of diamond thin films grown on niobium substrates using transient absorption spectroscopy, and we relate the solvated electron dynamics to the ability to reduce N2 to NH3. For diamond films grown on niobium substrates for different lengths of time, the initial yield of electrons is similar for the different samples, but the lifetime of the solvated electrons increases approximately 10-fold as the film grows. The time-averaged solvated electron concentration and the yield of NH3 produced from N2 both show maxima for films grown for 1–2 hours, with thicknesses of 100–200 nm. Measurements at different values of pH on boron-doped diamond films show that the instantaneous electron emission is nearly independent of pH, but the solvated electron lifetime becomes longer as the pH is increased from pH = 2 to pH = 5. Finally, we also illustrate an important caveat arising from the fact that charge neutrality requires that light-induced emission of electrons from diamond must be accompanied by corresponding oxidation reactions. In situations where the valence band holes cannot readily induce solution-phase oxidation reactions, the diamond itself can be etched by reacting with water to produce CO. Implications for other reactions such as photocatalytic CO2 reduction are discussed, along with strategies for mitigating the potential photo-etching phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Hamers
- Dept. of Chemistry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison, USA
| | - J. A. Bandy
- Dept. of Chemistry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison, USA
| | - D. Zhu
- Dept. of Chemistry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison, USA
| | - L. Zhang
- Dept. of Chemistry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison, USA
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