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Khoshnavaz Y, Erk EE, Li G, Mehmandoust M, Erk N. Green synthesis of Au@g-C 3N 4 nanocomposite using Hyssopus officinalis extract and its sensing application for vortioxetine determination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:80085-80093. [PMID: 37289391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a stable and green Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite as a selective electrochemical sensor for vortioxetine (VOR) determination. The electrochemical behavior of VOR on the developed electrode was investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry. The Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite was thoroughly observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The Au@g-C3N4 nanocomposite had a higher conductivity and a narrower band gap than pure g-C3N4, causing higher electrochemical activity for VOR detection. Moreover, Au@g-C3N4 on the glassy carbon electrode (Au@g-C3N4/GCE) monitored a low level of VOR with high efficiency and low interference as an environmentally friendly processing approach. Interestingly, the as-fabricated sensor exhibited an ultrahigh selectivity for recognizing VOR with a detection limit (LOD) of 3.2 nM. Furthermore, the developed sensor was applied to determine VOR in pharmaceutical and biological samples, which indicated a high selectivity in the presence of interferences. This study suggests new insights into the phytosynthesis synthesis of nanomaterials with excellent biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Khoshnavaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erknaz Ecehan Erk
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Guangli Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Mohammad Mehmandoust
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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2
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Moyseowicz A, Minta D, Gryglewicz G. Conductive Polymer/Graphene‐based Composites for Next Generation Energy Storage and Sensing Applications. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Moyseowicz
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Daria Minta
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Grażyna Gryglewicz
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials Wrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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3
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Ganash AA, Alghamdi RA. Fabrication of a novel polyaniline/green‐synthesized, silver‐nanoparticle‐modified carbon paste electrode for electrochemical sensing of lead ions. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A. Ganash
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem A. Alghamdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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4
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Islam S, Shaheen Shah S, Naher S, Ali Ehsan M, Aziz MA, Ahammad AJS. Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-based Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Dopamine. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3516-3543. [PMID: 34487610 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter, which is created and released from the central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in human activities, like cognition, emotions, and response to anything. Maladjustment of DA in human blood serum results in different neural diseases, like Parkinson's and Schizophrenia. Consequently, researchers have started working on DA detection in blood serum, which is undoubtedly a hot research area. Electrochemical sensing techniques are more promising to detect DA in real samples. However, utilizing conventional electrodes for selective determination of DA encounters numerous problems due to the coexistence of other materials, such as uric acid and ascorbic acid, which have an oxidation potential close to DA. To overcome such problems, researchers have put their focus on the modification of bare electrodes. The aim of this review is to present recent advances in modifications of most used bare electrodes with carbonaceous materials, especially graphene, its derivatives, and carbon nanotubes, for electrochemical detection of DA. A brief discussion about the mechanistic phenomena at the electrode interface has also been included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Shaheen Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5047, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsun Naher
- Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Ali Ehsan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - A J Saleh Ahammad
- Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
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5
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Katowah DF, Saleh SM, Alqarni SA, Ali R, Mohammed GI, Hussein MA. Network structure-based decorated CPA@CuO hybrid nanocomposite for methyl orange environmental remediation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5056. [PMID: 33658573 PMCID: PMC7930040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique network core-shell hybrid design-based cross-linked polyaniline (CPA), which was coated with CuO nanoparticles (NPs) and decorated with nitrogen-doped SWCNT/GO/cellulose N-SWCNTS-GO-CE, has been fabricated using the oxidative polymerization technique. This hybrid nanocomposite shows excellent photocatalytic degradation and an acceptable adsorption capability for Methyl Orange (MO) dye in aqueous solutions with a very slight effect for the N-SWCNTS-GO-CE CuO component. The prepared nanocomposites were used for the removal of a carcinogenic and noxious dye, Methyl Orange, from aqueous samples under various adsorption conditions. Approximately 100% degradation of 10 mg/L of Methylene orange dye was observed within 100 min at pH 6.0 using 50 mg/L CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite under UV radiation. Additionally, significant factors were investigated on the degradation process including the contact time, MO initial concentration (Ci), solution pH, and dosage of the CuO nanocomposite. All investigated experiments were performed under UV radiation, which provided significant data for the MO degradation process. Furthermore, the recovery of the nanocomposite was studied based on the photocatalytic process efficiency. The obtained data provide the high opportunity of reusing CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite for numerous photocatalytic processes. The CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite was prepared via chemical oxidative copolymerization of polyaniline (PANI) with p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) and triphenylamine (TPA) in the presence of N-SWCNTS-GO-CE and CuO NPs. The morphology, structure and thermal properties of the CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite were investigated using various techniques, including FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, SEM, MAP, EDX, TEM, TGA and DTG. Therefore, CPA/N-SWCNTS-GO-CE/CuO nanocomposite can be effectively used as a convenient and reusable adsorbent to remove hazardous dye from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina F Katowah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 16722, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, 43721, Suez, Egypt
| | - Sara A Alqarni
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43518, Suez, Egypt
| | - Gharam I Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 16722, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Polymer Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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6
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Terán-Alcocer Á, Bravo-Plascencia F, Cevallos-Morillo C, Palma-Cando A. Electrochemical Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Aqueous Detection of Biologically Relevant Molecules. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:252. [PMID: 33478121 PMCID: PMC7835872 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors appear as low-cost, rapid, easy to use, and in situ devices for determination of diverse analytes in a liquid solution. In that context, conducting polymers are much-explored sensor building materials because of their semiconductivity, structural versatility, multiple synthetic pathways, and stability in environmental conditions. In this state-of-the-art review, synthetic processes, morphological characterization, and nanostructure formation are analyzed for relevant literature about electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymers for the determination of molecules that (i) have a fundamental role in the human body function regulation, and (ii) are considered as water emergent pollutants. Special focus is put on the different types of micro- and nanostructures generated for the polymer itself or the combination with different materials in a composite, and how the rough morphology of the conducting polymers based electrochemical sensors affect their limit of detection. Polypyrroles, polyanilines, and polythiophenes appear as the most recurrent conducting polymers for the construction of electrochemical sensors. These conducting polymers are usually built starting from bifunctional precursor monomers resulting in linear and branched polymer structures; however, opportunities for sensitivity enhancement in electrochemical sensors have been recently reported by using conjugated microporous polymers synthesized from multifunctional monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Terán-Alcocer
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
| | - Francisco Bravo-Plascencia
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
| | - Carlos Cevallos-Morillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Francisco Viteri s/n y Gato Sobral, 170129 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Alex Palma-Cando
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
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7
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Fabrication of a poly(o-toluidine-co-aniline)/SiO2 nanocomposite for an electrochemical supercapacitor application. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Katowah DF, Mohammed GI, Al‐Eryani DA, Osman OI, Sobahi TR, Hussein MA. Fabrication of conductive cross‐linked polyaniline/
G‐MWCNTS core‐shell
nanocomposite: A selective sensor for trace determination of chlorophenol in water samples. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina F. Katowah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Gharam I. Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Dyab A. Al‐Eryani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Thamar University Dhamar Yemen
| | - Osman I. Osman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science University of Khartoum Khartoum Sudan
| | - Tariq R. Sobahi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Polymer chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut Egypt
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9
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The Performance of Various SWCNT Loading into CuO–PMMA Nanocomposites Towards the Detection of Mn2+ Ions. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Katowah DF, Alqarni S, Mohammed GI, Al Sheheri SZ, Alam MM, Ismail SH, Asiri AM, Hussein MA, Rahman MM. Selective Hg
2+
sensor performance based various carbon‐nanofillers into
CuO‐PMMA
nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina F. Katowah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied ScienceUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alqarni
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Gharam I. Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied ScienceUmm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Z. Al Sheheri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - M. M. Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer ScienceShahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Bangladesh
| | | | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Polymer chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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11
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Sahoo SK, Behera AK, Chandran R, Mallik A. Industrial scale synthesis of few-layer graphene nanosheets (FLGNSs): an exploration of electrochemical exfoliation approach. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Wang L, Yang R, Qu L, Harrington PDB. Electrostatic repulsion strategy for high-sensitive and selective determination of dopamine in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid. Talanta 2020; 210:120626. [PMID: 31987198 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-functionalized three-dimensional graphene (PFSG) composites were realized via a facile and green strategy. The nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical method. An electroanalytical sensor of dopamine (DA) with high sensitivity and selectivity was fabricated based on PFSG modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Under the optimum conditions, the negatively charged PFSG composites exhibit strong electrostatic attraction for DA and electrostatic repulsion to the negatively charged ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) molecules. Such electrostatic interaction hindered the enrichment of AA and UA on the surface of PSFG/GCE, which make a higher selectivity for the DA even in the presence of 120-fold AA and UA. Owing to the enhanced electron transfer rate and the stronger surface attraction, the current signal of DA on PFSG/GCE was about 160 times enhanced compared with the bare electrode. There was a good linear relationship between the reduction peak current of DA and concentration across the range of 0.002-2.0 μmol L-1 and 2.0-10.0 μmol L-1 with the limit of 0.8 nmol L-1. Further, the PFSG/GCE was applied to the detection of DA in human serum samples. This biosensor is simple, sensitive, selective and highly stable, which provided a new design strategy and a valuable tool to detect DA in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, OHIO University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA
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13
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Ismail HK, Alesary HF, Al-Murshedi AYM, Kareem JH. Ion and solvent transfer of polyaniline films electrodeposited from deep eutectic solvents via EQCM. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Katowah DF, Hussein MA, Alam MM, Gabal MA, Sobahi TR, Asiri AM, Uddin J, Rahman MM. Selective Fabrication of an Electrochemical Sensor for Pb
2+
Based on Poly(pyrrole‐co‐
o–
toluidine)/CoFe
2
O
4
Nanocomposites. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina F. Katowah
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Polymer chemistry Lab.Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceAssiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
| | - M. M. Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer ScienceShahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet 3100 Bangladesh
| | - M. A. Gabal
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceBenha University, Benha Egypt
| | - T. R. Sobahi
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Uddin
- Center for NanotechnologyDepartment of Natural SciencesCoppin State University 2500 W. N. Ave Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR)King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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