Multi-Trajectories of Conduct Problems, Hyperactivity/Inattention, and Peer Problems Across Childhood: Results from the Growing Up in Scotland Birth Cohort

A Developmental Cascade Analysis of Peer Rejection, Depression, Anxiety, and Externalizing Problems from Childhood through Young Adulthood

The need to belong with peers is an essential component of development, and when individuals face peer rejection they often experience a host of negative outcomes, including internalizing and externalizing problems. There exists conflicting evidence whether peer rejection precedes, succeeds, or reciprocally influences psychopathology. This study used two longitudinal community samples recruited from Portuguese schools with data from middle childhood through early adulthood. The obtained data measured mean levels and assessed stability of peer rejection, and peer rejection's association with demographic and psychopathology variables concurrently across development. Analyses fit developmental cascade models of peer rejection, depression, anxiety, and externalizing problems. Mean peer rejection levels remained relatively stable over time, and peer rejection scores were mildly to moderately correlated at measurement points closer together but attenuated at timepoints that were further apart in time. At some timepoints, age, and parental SES and education were associated with peer rejection. Peer rejection was associated with depression, anxiety, and externalizing problems concurrently at each time point (r = ~0.3-0.5). Developmental cascade models supported depression and anxiety temporally preceding peer rejection and some reciprocal relationships between depression and peer rejection. Anxiety was a robust temporal precedent of psychopathology and peer rejection.