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Gálvez-Nieto JL, Polanco-Levicán K, Salvo-Garrido S, Godoy-Bello MP. A Psychometric Examination of the Abbreviated Version of the Parenting Styles Scale Using a Sample of Chilean Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:716. [PMID: 38929295 PMCID: PMC11201537 DOI: 10.3390/children11060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Parenting styles have been related to a series of variables that contribute positively to adulthood. The maternal and paternal parenting styles scale is a measure that presents a multidimensional structure of six correlated factors. However, the version available for Chile is extensive, with 82 items measuring this latent trait. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the reliability and validity of the abbreviated version of the maternal and paternal parenting styles scale using a sample of Chilean adolescents. The sample consisted of 2131 students of both the male and female sexes (51% males and 49% females) with a mean age of 15.85 years (SD = 1.37). The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the six-factor correlated model, showing robust psychometric indices for both modelling approaches. In relation to the factorial invariance models, the results show factorial equivalence at the scalar invariance level for the variables of sex, age, academic achievement, and type of school. The scale showed adequate levels of reliability. This study concludes that the abbreviated version of the maternal and paternal parenting styles scale is a reliable and valid instrument for its application in Chilean adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Polanco-Levicán
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Sonia Salvo-Garrido
- Departamento de Matemática y Estadística, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
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Smorti M, Milone A, Fanciullacci L, Ciaravolo A, Berrocal C. Parenting and Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in a General Population Sample of Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Emotional Dysregulation. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:435. [PMID: 38671652 PMCID: PMC11049627 DOI: 10.3390/children11040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that both parenting and emotional dysregulation are associated with mental health outcomes in youth. This cross-sectional research was developed to replicate these noted findings and explore the mediating role of emotional dysregulation to explain the relationship between parenting and emotional and behavioral difficulties (internalizing and externalizing problems) in adolescents. A total of 104 adolescents (61.5% females; M = 15.62 yrs., SD = 1.38) participated in the study. Participants completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (measuring care, promotion of autonomy, and overprotection) referring to both the mother and father, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Youth Self-Report. The results showed that difficulties in emotion regulation fully mediated the relationship between overprotection (in both parents) and low maternal care with internalizing problems, on the one hand, and the relationship between maternal overprotection and low care (in both parents) with externalizing problems, on the other hand. Furthermore, emotional dysregulation partially mediated the effect of paternal care on internalizing problems. These findings help to clarify one of the mechanisms through which parenting can affect mental health in youth. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Smorti
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.F.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Italy
| | - Luisa Fanciullacci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.F.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Alessia Ciaravolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.F.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Carmen Berrocal
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.F.); (A.C.); (C.B.)
- International Lab of Clinical Measurements, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Jreisat S. Separation Anxiety among Kindergarten Children and its Association with Parental Socialization. Health Psychol Res 2023; 11:75363. [PMID: 37378008 PMCID: PMC10292687 DOI: 10.52965/001c.75363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the association between separation anxiety and parental socialization styles among a sample of kindergarten children in Amman city, Jordan. The study adopted the descriptive cross-sectional design. A sample of 300 kindergarten children were enrolled in this study. The researcher used a modified version of the separation anxiety scale in addition to the parental socialization styles scale. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) (v. 27, IBM Corp.). The results of the study showed that 8% (n=24) of the enrolled participants had a high level of separation anxiety, normality parenting style was adopted by 38.7% (n=116). The results showed that there was significant statistical association between separation anxiety and cruelty parenting style (r=0.465, p=0.003), overprotection parenting style (r=0.301, p=0.000), negligence parenting style (p=0.641, p=0.04), and normality (r=0.09, p=0.000). The results showed that separation anxiety is significantly associated with parental socialization styles in general (r=0.326, p=0.007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Jreisat
- Department of educational psychology Al-Balqa` Applied University
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Tammilehto J, Flykt M, Peltonen K, Kuppens P, Bosmans G, Lindblom J. Roles of recalled parenting experiences and effortful control in adult daily emotion regulation. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:795-817. [PMID: 37161353 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2209711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that both childhood experiences with one's parents and individual differences in effortful control contribute to adult emotion regulation (ER). However, it is unclear how they associate with specific ER processes. In this adult study, we examined the roles of recalled parenting experiences and effortful control in daily ER selection and implementation. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we focused on ER strategies of reappraisal, suppression, and rumination. We hypothesized recalled parental warmth, rejection, and overcontrol to predict adult ER selection and effectiveness of ER implementation and effortful control to mediate these effects. One hundred twenty-two adults answered self-reported questionnaires on their childhood experiences with their parents and effortful control. In EMA, they reported ER and emotions seven times daily for seven days. Recalled parental warmth predicted less suppression and rumination, whereas recalled overcontrol, especially in fathers, predicted greater suppression and reappraisal. However, recalled parenting experiences did not predict the effectiveness of ER implementation, and no support was found for the mediating role of effortful control between recalled parenting experiences and ER. Our findings suggest that recalled parenting experiences may guide adult ER selection rather than shape ER implementation, and these links may be largely independent of their effortful control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Tammilehto
- Faculty of Social Sciences / Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marjo Flykt
- Faculty of Social Sciences / Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bosmans
- Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jallu Lindblom
- Faculty of Social Sciences / Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Benz ABE, Dimitroff SJ, Jeggle C, Gaertner RJ, Meier M, Unternaehrer E, Bentele UU, Denk BF, Klink ESC, Pruessner JC. Increased empathic distress in adults is associated with higher levels of childhood maltreatment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4087. [PMID: 36906595 PMCID: PMC10008534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While many studies investigated basic facets of empathy, less is known about the association with early life adversity (ELA). To investigate a possible association of empathy with ELA, we assessed self-reported ELA, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) for mother and father, and empathy, using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), in a sample of N = 228 (83% female, agemean = 30.51 ± 9.88 years, agerange = 18-60). Further, we measured willingness to donate a certain percentage of study compensation to a charity as an index of prosocial behavior. In line with our hypotheses that stated a positive association of empathy with ELA, increased levels of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect were positively correlated with personal distress in response to others' suffering. Likewise, higher parental overprotection and lower parental care were related to higher personal distress. Furthermore, while participants with higher levels of ELA tended to donate more money on a merely descriptive level, only higher levels of sexual abuse were significantly related to larger donations after correction for multiple statistical tests. Other facets of the IRI (empathic concern, perspective taking and fantasy) were not related to any other ELA measure. This suggests ELA only affects levels of personal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika B E Benz
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany.
| | - Stephanie J Dimitroff
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Christin Jeggle
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Raphaela J Gaertner
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Maria Meier
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Eva Unternaehrer
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
- Child- and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike U Bentele
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Bernadette F Denk
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| | - Elea S C Klink
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Jens C Pruessner
- Division of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach 905, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
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OXTR polymorphisms and parental bonding modulate alexithymia: The main effects and interaction. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/18344909231154928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexithymia is a subclinical personality disorder characterized by difficulties in identifying and expressing one's own emotion. Individual differences in alexithymia are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, the interplay between these factors and their influences on alexithymia are unclear. Considering that oxytocin plays important roles in emotion processing and that parental bonding influences the development of alexithymia, we explored the associations between OXTR polymorphisms and alexithymia and examined whether the potential associations are moderated by parental bonding. To this end, we genotyped the OXTR polymorphisms (rs53576 and rs1042778) and scored alexithymia and parental bonding with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Parental Bonding Instrument. Results indicated that: (1) the characteristics of alexithymia were negatively associated with parental care and positively with parental overprotection; (2) the OXTR rs53576 was significantly associated with the characteristics of alexithymia, such that the AA genotype was associated with fewer difficulties in identifying feelings and describing feelings than the AG/GG genotypes; and (3) the OXTR rs1042778 interacted with parental care in alexithymia with the vantage sensitivity model: the GG genotype was related to less severity of alexithymia than the AG/GG genotypes only in individuals with higher parental care. Overall, these findings suggest that the OXTR is related to alexithymia and that the quality of parental care influences the relationship. However, considering that the evidence from this study is weak, more research is needed to understand the roles of OXTR in alexithymia.
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Emotion Regulation in Emerging Adults: Do Parenting And Parents’ Own Emotion Regulation Matter? JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEmotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic factor in the development of various mental and behavioral disorders, thus requiring ample evidence for prevention and intervention approaches. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the association between parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the review was registered (PROSPERO CRD42021251672) and search terms were entered in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed in May 2021. Articles needed to report on empirical studies that examined the association between parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in children/adolescents with primary data, and be published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. Additionally, articles were excluded based on certain designs and focus on special populations. The narrative synthesis includes 30 articles, and of which 27 are included in the meta-analysis. An NHLBI tool with 14 items (e.g., validity) was utilized for assessing the quality of the included studies. General trends indicate that positive parenting (e.g., warmth, supportiveness) is negatively associated with emotion dysregulation, whilst negative parenting (e.g., psychological control, authoritarian) is positively associated. The meta-analysis reveals an overall small yet significant effect, however, the heterogeneity of the studies is moderate to high. A funnel plot demonstrated no evidence of publication bias. Limitations include the varying conceptualizations of emotion dysregulation, as well as a lacking focus on specific types of emotion. Although more research is needed, addressing factors such as culture, gender, and age, the review provides first indications of the significance of parenting dimensions/styles for emotion dysregulation.
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Ozdemir YO, Ergelen M, Ozen B, Akgul IF, Bestepe EE. Alexithymia and Parental Bonding in Women with Genitopelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:3023-3033. [PMID: 36582426 PMCID: PMC9793779 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s389008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of emotion regulation and alexithymia in the pathophysiology of genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) is emphasized. Parental bonding is linked to emotion regulation and alexithymia. This study aimed to examine the relationships between parental bonding, alexithymia, and GPPPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-four patients with GPPPD were enrolled in the study, and 60 controls were matched for demographic features. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used to evaluate alexithymia, the Bonding to Parents Scale (BPS) was used to assess parental bonding, and sexual functions were assessed via Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS). RESULTS The rate of alexithymic traits was statistically higher in the GPPPD group than in the controls (p = 0.005). Patients with GPPPD obtained higher scores on the maternal care/control (p = 0.003) and maternal overprotection (p = 0.008) compared to controls. Difficulty describing feelings factor of alexithymia (p = 0.012) emerged as a predictor of group membership (GPPPD vs controls). To test whether alexithymia was significantly associated with parental bonding, all subjects were divided into two subgroups, alexithymic and non-alexithymic. When the subgroups were compared in terms of parental attitudes, maternal (p = 0.034) and paternal (p = 0.006) overprotection subscale scores were higher in the alexithymic group than in the non-alexithymic group. DISCUSSION According to the results, alexithymic traits are characteristic of patients with GPPPD; however, although patients with GPPPD may experience difficulties with perceived parental bonding, this factor does not appear to be a predictor of GPPPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ozay Ozdemir
- University of Health Sciences, Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Ergelen
- University of Health Sciences, Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beliz Ozen
- Marmara University, Pendik Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - E Emrem Bestepe
- University of Health Sciences, Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Neoh MJY, Carollo A, Bonassi A, Mulatti C, Lee A, Esposito G. A cross-cultural study of the effect of parental bonding on the perception and response to criticism in Singapore, Italy and USA. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257888. [PMID: 34591898 PMCID: PMC8483350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parents play a primary and crucial role in emotional socialisation processes in children where individuals learn the expression, understanding and regulation of emotions. Parenting practices and dimensions of the parent-child relationship have been associated with social and emotional processes in children. As criticism involves negative emotional reactions and emotion regulation, the parent-child relationship is likely to influence an individual's perception and response to criticism. Hence, the present study investigated the relationship of parental bonding and the perception and response to criticism in three different countries-Singapore, Italy and USA. Adult participants (n = 444) completed the Parental Bonding Inventory (PBI) and measures of criticism. Parental care, overprotection and country were found to be significant predictors of a tendency to perceive criticism as destructive. Higher levels of parental care predicted a lower tendency to perceive criticism as destructive while higher levels of parental overprotection predicted a higher tendency to perceive criticism as destructive. US American participants were found to have a significantly higher tendency to perceive criticism as destructive compared to Italian and Singaporean participants. The findings align with past research on the role of the parent-child relationship in the socio-emotional development of children as well as providing insight into a specific aspect in social interaction; perception and response to criticism, being affected. Future studies can look to investigate this relationship further in different countries in light of cultural variation in parenting styles and emotion experience, expression and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonassi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Claudio Mulatti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Albert Lee
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Bakhshesh-Boroujeni M, Farajpour-Niri S, karimi A. Sleep quality and child abuse: the mediating role of alexithymia. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2021.1958498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sepideh Farajpour-Niri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali karimi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Hou Y, Xiao R, Yang X, Chen Y, Peng F, Zhou S, Zeng X, Zhang X. Parenting Style and Emotional Distress Among Chinese College Students: A Potential Mediating Role of the Zhongyong Thinking Style. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1774. [PMID: 32849051 PMCID: PMC7399746 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that parenting style was associated with college student’s emotional distress. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this relation in Chinese culture. The present study investigated the associations between parenting style and college student’s emotional distress (depression and anxiety symptoms), examined the mediating effects of Confucian personality-Zhongyong thinking, and explored whether gender, age, and socioeconomic status (SES) moderated the direct and/or indirect effects of parenting style on emotional distress. Results from a large representative sample of Chinese college students (n = 3943) indicated that (a) parental rejection and overprotection was positively and mildly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms and negatively and mildly related to Zhongyong thinking. Parental warmth significantly correlated with the three variables in the opposite direction; Zhongyong thinking correlated negatively and moderately with depression, and mildly with anxiety; (b) Zhongyong thinking partially mediated the associations of parental rejection and warmth with emotional distress. Specifically, to the extent that students perceived less rejection and more warmth, they were more likely to develop Zhongyong thinking associated with decreased emotional distress; (c) gender and SES moderated the association between parenting style and Zhongyong thinking. Specifically, for students with low SES, the negative relationship between parental overprotection and Zhongyong thinking was stronger; for males and high SES students, the positive link between parental warmth and Zhongyong thinking were stronger. Results highlight the importance of researching potential effects of college student’s Zhongyong thinking within the family system in Chinese culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Hou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueling Yang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shegang Zhou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xihua Zeng
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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