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Slocombe SP, Huete-Ortega M, Kapoore RV, Okurowska K, Mair A, Day JG, Stanley MS, Vaidyanathan S. Enabling large-scale production of algal oil in continuous output mode. iScience 2021; 24:102743. [PMID: 34278255 PMCID: PMC8264157 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale algal oil production requires continuous outputs and a trade-off between growth and oil content. Two unrelated marine algae (Nannochloropsis oceanica [CCAP 849/10] and Chlorella vulgaris [CCAP 211/21A]) that showed high oil production under batch culture were studied under controlled semicontinuous cultivation conditions. Three essential attributes maximized oil productivity: (i) downregulation of cell size to maximize light absorption under N limitation; (ii) low nutrient-depletion thresholds to trigger oil induction; (iii) a means of carbohydrate suppression in favor of oil. N. oceanica responded better to input N/P variations and is more suited to continuous oil production. A low N/P ratio was effective in both suppressing carbohydrate and reducing cell size concomitant with oil production. In C. vulgaris, nutrient starvation thresholds for oil were higher and carbohydrate was preferentially induced, which impeded stress-level optimization for oil. These differences, which impact continuous oil production at scale, are driven by species adaptation to specific marine habitats. VIDEO ABSTRACT VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Slocombe
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Maria Huete-Ortega
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Katarzyna Okurowska
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Alison Mair
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - John G. Day
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Michele S. Stanley
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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Penhaul Smith JK, Hughes AD, McEvoy L, Day JG. Tailoring of the biochemical profiles of microalgae by employing mixotrophic cultivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kapoore RV, Huete-Ortega M, Day JG, Okurowska K, Slocombe SP, Stanley MS, Vaidyanathan S. Effects of cryopreservation on viability and functional stability of an industrially relevant alga. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2093. [PMID: 30765863 PMCID: PMC6376116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As algal biotechnology develops, there is an increasing requirement to conserve cultures without the cost, time and genetic stability implications of conventional serial transfers, including issues regarding potential loss by failure to regrow, contamination on transfer, mix up and/or errors in the documentation on transfer. Furthermore, it is crucial to ensure both viability and functionality are retained by stored stock-cultures. Low temperature storage, ranging from the use of domestic freezers to storage under liquid nitrogen, is widely being used, but the implication to stability and function rarely investigated. We report for the first time, retention of functionality in the maintenance of master stock-cultures of an industrially relevant, lipid-producing alga, under a variety of cryopreservation regimes. Storage in domestic (-15 °C), or conventional -80 °C freezers was suboptimal, with a rapid reduction in viability observed for samples at -15 °C and a >50% loss of viability, within one month, for samples stored at -80 °C. No reduction in viability occurred at -196 °C. Post-thaw culture functional performance was also influenced by the cryopreservation approach employed. Only samples held at -196 °C responded to nitrogen limitation in terms of growth characteristics and biochemical profiles (lipid production and chlorophyll a) comparable to the untreated control, cultured prior to cryopreservation. These results have important implications in microbial biotechnology, especially for those responsible for the conservation of genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - María Huete-Ortega
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - John G Day
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Katarzyna Okurowska
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Stephen P Slocombe
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Michele S Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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Butler TO, McDougall GJ, Campbell R, Stanley MS, Day JG. Media Screening for Obtaining Haematococcus pluvialis Red Motile Macrozooids Rich in Astaxanthin and Fatty Acids. BIOLOGY 2017; 7:biology7010002. [PMID: 29278377 PMCID: PMC5872028 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis is commercially produced in a two-stage process, involving green vegetative (macrozooid) and red aplanospore stages. This approach has been scaled up to an industrial process but constraints limit its commercial success and profitability, including: contamination issues, high pigment extraction costs, requirements for high light levels and photo-bleaching in the red stage. However, in addition to the aplanospore stage, this alga can produce astaxanthin in vegetative palmelloid and motile macrozooid cells. In this study, a two-stage process utilising different media in the green stage, with subsequent re-suspension in medium without nitrate was employed to optimise the formation of red motile macrozooids. Optimal growth in the green phase was obtained on cultivation under mixotrophic conditions in EG:JM media followed by re-suspension in medium without nitrate resulting in red motile macrozooids with an astaxanthin content of 2.74% (78.4% of total carotenoids) and a lipid content of 35.3% (rich in unsaturated fatty acids. It is envisaged that the red motile macrozooids could be harvested and fed as a whole-cell product directly in the animal feed and aquaculture sectors, or used as a blend of carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in nutraceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Butler
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Sheffield University, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK.
| | | | | | - Michele S Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK.
| | - John G Day
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, UK.
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Abstract
Micro-algae synthesize high levels of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins photoautotrophically, thus attracting considerable interest for the biotechnological production of fuels, environmental remediation, functional foods and nutraceuticals. Currently, only a few micro-algae species are grown commercially at large-scale, primarily for “health-foods” and pigments. For a range of potential products (fuel to pharma), high lipid productivity strains are required to mitigate the economic costs of mass culture. Here we present a screen concentrating on marine micro-algal strains, which if suitable for scale-up would minimise competition with agriculture for water. Mass-Spectrophotometric analysis (MS) of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) was subsequently validated by measurement of total fatty acids (TFA) by Gas-Chromatography (GC). This identified a rapid and accurate screening strategy based on elemental analysis. The screen identified Nannochloropsis oceanica CCAP 849/10 and a marine isolate of Chlorella vulgaris CCAP 211/21A as the best lipid producers. Analysis of C, N, protein, carbohydrate and Fatty Acid (FA) composition identified a suite of strains for further biotechnological applications e.g. Dunaliella polymorpha CCAP 19/14, significantly the most productive for carbohydrates, and Cyclotella cryptica CCAP 1070/2, with utility for EPA production and N-assimilation.
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Cavonius LR, Carlsson NG, Undeland I. Quantification of total fatty acids in microalgae: comparison of extraction and transesterification methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7313-22. [PMID: 25224639 PMCID: PMC4206773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of microalgaes' fatty acid content is often done with chloroform and methanol according to the Bligh and Dyer extraction, though faster methods exist. A number of comparisons between the Bligh and Dyer and faster methods have resulted in contradicting data, possibly due to differences in algae used and the different versions of the Bligh and Dyer method applied. Here, various forms of direct-transesterification (D-TE) and two-step transesterification (2-TE), including three versions developed in our lab, are compared with the original Bligh and Dyer (Can J Biochem Physiol 37: 911-917, 1959) extraction and two modifications thereof (Lee et al. J AOAC Int 79:487-492, 1996, and our own acidified version) on microalgae with different cell walls: Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In total, fatty acid extracts from 11 methods were separated and quantified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results show that, for N. oculata and P. tricornutum, methods based on chloroform-methanol underestimated the fatty acid content compared with the 2-TE and D-TE methods, which gave similar results. Moreover, D-TE methods are faster than chloroform-methanol methods and use chemicals that are less toxic. Of the D-TE methods, the ones using hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid recovered the most fatty acids, while boron trifluoride recovered slightly less. The main qualitative difference between the fatty acids recovered was that the chloroform-methanol methods recovered less saturated fatty acids in P. tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillie R Cavonius
- Food Science, Division of Life Science, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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Jahn MT, Schmidt K, Mock T. A novel cost effective and high-throughput isolation and identification method for marine microalgae. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:26. [PMID: 25114712 PMCID: PMC4128616 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine microalgae are of major ecologic and emerging economic importance. Biotechnological screening schemes of microalgae for specific traits and laboratory experiments to advance our knowledge on algal biology and evolution strongly benefit from culture collections reflecting a maximum of the natural inter- and intraspecific diversity. However, standard procedures for strain isolation and identification, namely DNA extraction, purification, amplification, sequencing and taxonomic identification still include considerable constraints increasing the time required to establish new cultures. RESULTS In this study, we report a cost effective and high-throughput isolation and identification method for marine microalgae. The throughput was increased by applying strain isolation on plates and taxonomic identification by direct PCR (dPCR) of phylogenetic marker genes in combination with a novel sequencing electropherogram based screening method to assess the taxonomic diversity and identity of the isolated cultures. For validation of the effectiveness of this approach, we isolated and identified a range of unialgal cultures from natural phytoplankton communities sampled in the Arctic Ocean. These cultures include the isolate of a novel marine Chlorophyceae strain among several different diatoms. CONCLUSIONS We provide an efficient and effective approach leading from natural phytoplankton communities to isolated and taxonomically identified algal strains in only a few weeks. Validated with sensitive Arctic phytoplankton, this approach overcomes the constraints of standard molecular characterisation and establishment of unialgal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Jahn
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
- Current address: Department of Botany II, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmidt
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Roleda MY, Slocombe SP, Leakey RJG, Day JG, Bell EM, Stanley MS. Effects of temperature and nutrient regimes on biomass and lipid production by six oleaginous microalgae in batch culture employing a two-phase cultivation strategy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:439-49. [PMID: 23262022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Commercial success of algal-based biofuels depends on growth characteristics and lipid metabolism of the production species. The oleaginous microalgae, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Odontella aurita, Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis galbana, Chromulina ochromonoides, and Dunaliella tertiolecta, were cultivated under a matrix of two temperatures (10 and 20 °C) and two nutrient regimes (deplete and replete). For all species, a strong negative correlation between growth rate and lipid content was observed. Multiple stressors have no additive effect on lipid accumulation. Total oil content (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs, pg cell(-1)) was increased more by nutrient limitation than by temperature stress. In response to nutrient stress, N. oculata emerged as the most robust species with an increase in lipid accumulation of up to three to four-fold compared to the accumulation under nutrient sufficient conditions. Although stress conditions led to reduced fatty acid unsaturation in most taxa due to increased triacylglycerol (TAG) production, a high proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was maintained in O. aurita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Roleda
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, UK.
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