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Khan N, Sudhakar K, Mamat R. Macroalgae farming for sustainable future: Navigating opportunities and driving innovation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28208. [PMID: 38560151 PMCID: PMC10981073 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Seaweed cultivation has garnered significant interest, driven by its wide range of biomass benefits. However, comprehensive assessments from various perspectives are imperative to ensure the sustainable cultivation of seaweed. Biotic and Abiotic factors can significantly impact seaweed yield in complex commercial farming. Biotic factors include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other algae, while abiotic factors include environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, light intensity, and nutrient availability. Additionally, the susceptibility of seaweeds to pests and diseases further compounds the issue, leading to potential crop losses. This study endeavours to shed light on the immense potential of macroalgae cultivation and underscores the pressing need for scientific advancements in this field. The comprehensive review clearly explains the latest developments in seaweed cultivation and highlights significant advances from diverse seaweed research. Moreover, it provides insightful glimpses into possible future developments that could shape the trajectory of this promising industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Khan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Centre of Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes (Fluid Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - K. Sudhakar
- Centre for Automotive Engineering Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Pahang, Malaysia
- Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462003, India
| | - R. Mamat
- Centre for Automotive Engineering Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, 26600, Pahang, Malaysia
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Blanco S, Sapatinha M, Mackey M, Maguire J, Paolacci S, Gonçalves S, Lourenço HM, Mendes R, Bandarra NM, Pires C. Effect of Deployment and Harvest Date on Growth and High-Value Compounds of Farmed Alaria esculenta. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:305. [PMID: 37233499 PMCID: PMC10220681 DOI: 10.3390/md21050305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alaria esculenta is a brown seaweed farmed in many European countries for its biomass rich in useful bio compounds. This study aimed to identify the optimal growing season to maximise biomass production and quality. The seeded longlines of the brown seaweed were deployed in the southwest of Ireland in October and November 2019 and samples of the biomass were harvested in different dates, between March and June 2020. Biomass gain and composition, phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) and biological activities (antioxidant and anti-hypertensive activities) of seaweed extracts prepared with Alcalase were evaluated. The biomass production was significantly higher for the line deployed in October (>20 kg·m-1). In May and June, an increasing amount of epiphytes was observed on the surface of A. esculenta. The protein content of A. esculenta varied between 11.2 and 11.76% and fat content was relatively low (1.8-2.3%). Regarding the fatty acids profile, A. esculenta was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The samples analysed were very rich in Na, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni. The content of Cd, Pb Hg was relatively low and below the maximum levels allowed. The highest TPC and TFC were obtained in extracts prepared with A. esculenta collected in March and levels of these compounds decreased with time. In general, the highest radical scavenging activities (ABTS and DPPH), as well as chelating activities (Fe2+ and Cu2+) were observed in early spring. Extracts from A. esculenta collected in March and April presented higher ACE inhibitory activity. The extracts from seaweeds harvested in March exhibited higher biological activity. It was concluded that an earlier deployment allows for maximising growth and harvest of biomass earlier when its quality is at the highest levels. The study also confirms the high content of useful bio compounds that can be extracted from A. esculenta and used in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Blanco
- Bantry Marine Research Station, Gearhies, Bantry, P75 AX07 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria Sapatinha
- IPMA, IP, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, DMRM, DivAV, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (S.G.); (H.M.L.); (R.M.); (N.M.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Mick Mackey
- Indigo Rock Marine Research Centre, Gearhies, Bantry, P75 AX07 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.M.); (J.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Julie Maguire
- Indigo Rock Marine Research Centre, Gearhies, Bantry, P75 AX07 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.M.); (J.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Simona Paolacci
- Indigo Rock Marine Research Centre, Gearhies, Bantry, P75 AX07 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.M.); (J.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Susana Gonçalves
- IPMA, IP, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, DMRM, DivAV, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (S.G.); (H.M.L.); (R.M.); (N.M.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Helena Maria Lourenço
- IPMA, IP, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, DMRM, DivAV, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (S.G.); (H.M.L.); (R.M.); (N.M.B.); (C.P.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rogério Mendes
- IPMA, IP, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, DMRM, DivAV, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (S.G.); (H.M.L.); (R.M.); (N.M.B.); (C.P.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Narcisa Maria Bandarra
- IPMA, IP, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, DMRM, DivAV, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (S.G.); (H.M.L.); (R.M.); (N.M.B.); (C.P.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carla Pires
- IPMA, IP, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, DMRM, DivAV, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (S.G.); (H.M.L.); (R.M.); (N.M.B.); (C.P.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Inaba M, Fort A, Bringloe T, Mols-Mortensen A, Ni Ghriofa C, Sulpice R. Branding and tracing seaweed: Development of a high-resolution genetic kit to identify the geographic provenance of Alaria esculenta. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Schultze-Jena A, Vroon R, Macleod A, Hreggviðsson G, Adalsteinsson B, Engelen-Smit N, de Vrije T, Budde M, van der Wal H, López-Contreras A, Boon M. Production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol by fermentation of Saccharina latissima: Cultivation, enzymatic hydrolysis, inhibitor removal, and fermentation. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lytou AE, Schoina E, Liu Y, Michalek K, Stanley MS, Panagou EZ, Nychas GJE. Quality and Safety Assessment of Edible Seaweeds Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima Cultivated in Scotland. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092210. [PMID: 34574321 PMCID: PMC8472205 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Within Europe over the last 10 years, there has been an increase in seaweeds cultivated for human consumption. For food safety reasons, it is important to assess the microbiological and nutritional quality of the biomass. The fresh and dried edible seaweeds Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima were assessed over two consecutive years for the presence of microorganisms. Seaweed samples supplied from Scotland were stored under isothermal conditions for specific time intervals depending on the sample’s condition (fresh, dried or rehydrated). During storage, microbiological analyses were performed for the enumeration of Total Viable Counts (TVC), Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus spp., as well as yeasts and molds. Additionally, bacterial colonies from the Marine Agar growth medium were isolated and subjected to PCR-RAPD analysis for characterization of the bacterial diversity of seaweeds. Bacterial isolates with different fingerprint patterns were further subjected to sequencing (16S rDNA, V1–V4 region). The presence of human pathogenic bacteria was also investigated. Results showed that the initial population of TVC was differentiated depending on the year of seaweed harvest, being closer to the enumeration limit (1.0 log CFU/g) in fresh samples from 2020 and higher in samples from 2019 (6.7 and 3.9 log CFU/g in A. esculenta and S. latissima, respectively). DNA-based analysis revealed the presence of Psychrobacter, Cobetia and Pseudomonas species in A. esculenta, while Psychrobacter and Micrococcus species were present in S. latissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia E. Lytou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.E.L.); (E.S.); (E.Z.P.)
| | - Eirini Schoina
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.E.L.); (E.S.); (E.Z.P.)
| | - Yunge Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Kati Michalek
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban PA37 1QA, UK; (K.M.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Michele S. Stanley
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban PA37 1QA, UK; (K.M.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Efstathios Z. Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.E.L.); (E.S.); (E.Z.P.)
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (A.E.L.); (E.S.); (E.Z.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-529-4938
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