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Jiang X, Wang L, Ji Y, Tang J, Tian X, Cao M, Li J, Bi S, Wu X, Chen C, Yin JJ. Interference of Steroidogenesis by Gold Nanorod Core/Silver Shell Nanostructures: Implications for Reproductive Toxicity of Silver Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1602855. [PMID: 28009471 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a widely used nanomaterial in daily life, silver nanomaterials may cause great concern to female reproductive system as they are found to penetrate the blood-placental barrier and gain access to the ovary. However, it is largely unknown about how silver nanomaterials influence ovarian physiology and functions such as hormone production. This study performs in vitro toxicology study of silver nanomaterials, focusing especially on cytotoxicity and steroidogenesis and explores their underlying mechanisms. This study exposes primary rat granulosa cells to gold nanorod core/silver shell nanostructures (Au@Ag NRs), and compares outcomes with cells exposed to gold nanorods. The Au@Ag NRs generate more reactive oxygen species and reduce mitochondrial membrane potential and less production of adenosine triphosphate. Au@Ag NRs promote steroidogenesis, including progesterone and estradiol, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Chemical reactivity and transformation of Au@Ag NRs are then studied by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure, which analyze the generation of free radical and intracellular silver species. Results suggest that both particle-specific activity and intracellular silver ion release of Au@Ag NR contribute to the toxic response of granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology and Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology and Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yinglu Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinglong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology and Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Mingjing Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology and Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jingxuan Li
- The General Hospital of the Air Force, PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Shuying Bi
- The General Hospital of the Air Force, PLA, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology and Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
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Mazurkiewicz JE, Herrick-Davis K, Barroso M, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Lindau-Shepard B, Thomas RM, Dias JA. Single-molecule analyses of fully functional fluorescent protein-tagged follitropin receptor reveal homodimerization and specific heterodimerization with lutropin receptor. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:100. [PMID: 25761594 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.125781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the carboxyl terminus (cT) of human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) receptor (FSHR) is clipped before insertion into the plasma membrane. Surprisingly, several different constructs of FSHR fluorescent fusion proteins (FSHR-FPs) failed to traffic to the plasma membrane. Subsequently, we discovered that substituting the extreme cT of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor (LHR) to create an FSHR-LHRcT chimera has no effect on FSHR functionality. Therefore, we used this approach to create an FSHR-LHRcT-FP fusion. We found this chimeric FSHR-LHRcT-FP was expressed in HEK293 cells at levels similar to reported values for FSHR in human granulosa cells, bound FSH with high affinity, and transduced FSH binding to produce cAMP. Quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis of FSHR-LHRcT-YFP/FSHR-LHRcT-mCherry pairs revealed an average FRET efficiency of 12.9 ± 5.7. Advanced methods in single-molecule analyses were applied in order to ascertain the oligomerization state of the FSHR-LHRcT. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy coupled with photon-counting histogram analyses demonstrated that the FSHR-LHRcT-FP fusion protein exists as a freely diffusing homodimer in the plasma membrane. A central question is whether LHR could oligomerize with FSHR, because both receptors are coexpressed in differentiated granulosa cells. Indeed, FRET analysis revealed an average FRET efficiency of 14.4 ± 7.5 when the FSHR-LHR cT-mCherry was coexpressed with LHR-YFP. In contrast, coexpression of a 5-HT2cVSV-YFP with FSHR-LHR cT-mCherry showed only 5.6 ± 3.2 average FRET efficiency, a value indistinguishable from the detection limit using intensity-based FRET methods. These data demonstrate that coexpression of FSHR and LHR can lead to heterodimerization, and we hypothesize that it is possible for this to occur during granulosa cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Mazurkiewicz
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | | | - Margarida Barroso
- Center for Cardiovascular Science, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Research Support Network, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Barbara Lindau-Shepard
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Richard M Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - James A Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
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