The cytochrome P4501A1 gene polymorphisms and endometriosis: a meta-analysis

Decoding the Role of CYP450 Enzymes in Metabolism and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a group of enzymes that play an essential role in Phase I metabolism, with 57 functional genes classified into 18 families in the human genome, of which the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 families are prominent. Beyond drug metabolism, CYP enzymes metabolize endogenous compounds such as lipids, proteins, and hormones to maintain physiological homeostasis. Thus, dysregulation of CYP450 enzymes can lead to different endocrine disorders. Moreover, CYP450 enzymes significantly contribute to fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and bile acid biosynthesis, impacting cellular physiology and disease pathogenesis. Their diverse functions emphasize their therapeutic potential in managing hypercholesterolemia and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, CYP450 enzymes are implicated in the onset and development of illnesses such as cancer, influencing chemotherapy outcomes. Assessment of CYP450 enzyme expression and activity aids in evaluating liver health state and differentiating between liver diseases, guiding therapeutic decisions, and optimizing drug efficacy. Understanding the roles of CYP450 enzymes and the clinical effect of their genetic polymorphisms is crucial for developing personalized therapeutic strategies and enhancing drug responses in diverse patient populations.

Endometrial Cells Acutely Exposed to Phthalates In Vitro Do Not Phenocopy Endometriosis

Environmental factors that have been linked to an increased endometriosis risk include exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), an endocrine disruptor. This study aims to investigate whether DEHP in vitro exposure in primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSC), primary endometrial epithelial cells (EnEC), and the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line Ishikawa properly mimics alterations described in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Primary EnSC and EnEC, isolated from six fertile egg donors, and Ishikawa cells were exposed to DEHP (0.1, 1, and 10 µM) and were assessed for viability, endometriosis markers (IL-6, VEGF-A, HOXA10, EZH2, and LSD1), steroid receptor gene expressions (ER-1, ER-2, PR-T, PR-B, and PGRMC1), and invasive capacity. Viability after 72 h of DEHP exposure was not significantly affected. None of the endometriosis markers studied were altered after acute DEHP exposure, nor was the expression of steroid receptors. The invasive capacity of EnSC was significantly increased after 10 µM of DEHP exposure. In conclusion, acute DEHP exposure in primary endometrial cells does not fully phenocopy the changes in the viability, expression of markers, or steroidal receptors described in endometriosis. However, the significant increase in EnSC invasiveness observed after DEHP exposure could be a link between DEHP exposure and increased endometriosis likelihood.

Identification of endometriosis-associated genes and pathways based on bioinformatic analysis

Endometriosis is associated with dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. The specific mechanism of endometriosis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to apply a bioinformatics approach to reveal related pathways or genes involved in the development of endometriosis.The gene expression profiles of GSE25628, GSE5108, and GSE7305 were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed using GEO2R. The database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery (DAVID) was utilized to analyze the functional enrichment, gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway of the differentially expressed genes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and module analysis was performed using search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes and cytoscape.A total of 119 common differentially expressed genes were extracted, consisting of 51 downregulated genes and 68 upregulated genes. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs and hub genes include DNA strand separation, cellular proliferation, degradation of the extracellular matrix, encoding of smooth muscle myosin as a major contractile protein, exiting the proliferative cycle and entering quiescence, growth regulation, and implication in a wide variety of biological processes.A bioinformatics approach combined with cell experiments in this study revealed that identifying DEGs and hub genes leads to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of endometriosis, and efficient biomarkers underlying this pathway need to be further investigated.

Biological roles of cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 enzymes

Human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play a critical role in various biological processes and human diseases. CYP1 family members, including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, are induced by aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs). The binding of ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons activates the AhRs, which are involved in the metabolism (including oxidation) of various endogenous or exogenous substrates. The ligands that induce CYP1 expression are reported to be carcinogenic xenobiotics. Hence, CYP1 enzymes are correlated with the pathogenesis of cancers. Various endogenous substrates are involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones, eicosanoids, and other biological molecules that mediate the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Additionally, CYP1s metabolize and activate/inactivate therapeutic drugs, especially, anti-cancer agents. As the metabolism of drugs determines their therapeutic efficacy, CYP1s can determine the susceptibility of patients to some drugs. Thus, understanding the role of CYP1s in diseases and establishing novel and efficient therapeutic strategies based on CYP1s have piqued the interest of the scientific community.

Polymorphisms and endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analyses

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder that affects at least 10% of women of reproductive age. It may lead to infertility and non-specific symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain. Endometriosis screening and diagnosis are difficult and time-consuming. Late diagnosis (with a delay ranging from 3.3 to 10.7 years) is a major problem and may contribute to disease progression and a worse response to treatment once initiated. Efficient screening tests might reduce this diagnostic delay. As endometriosis is presumed to be a complex disease with several genetic and non-genetic pathogenic factors, many researchers have sought to identify polymorphisms that predispose to this condition.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the most regularly reported polymorphisms in order to identify those that might predispose to endometriosis and might thus be of value in screening.

SEARCH METHODS

The MEDLINE database was searched for English-language publications on DNA polymorphisms in endometriosis, with no date restriction. The PubTator text mining tool was used to extract gene names from the selected publications' abstracts. We only selected polymorphisms reported by at least three studies, having applied strict inclusion and exclusion criteria to their control populations. No stratification based on ethnicity was performed. All steps were carried out according to PRISMA guidelines.

OUTCOMES

The initial selection of 395 publications cited 242 different genes. Sixty-two genes (corresponding to 265 different polymorphisms) were cited at least in three publications. After the application of our other selection criteria (an original case-control study of endometriosis, a reported association between endometriosis and at least one polymorphism, data on women of reproductive age and a diagnosis of endometriosis in the cases established by surgery and/or MRI and confirmed by histology), 28 polymorphisms were eligible for meta-analysis. Only five of the 28 polymorphisms were found to be significantly associated with endometriosis: interferon gamma (IFNG) (CA) repeat, glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) null genotype, glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) rs1695 and wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 4 (WNT4) rs16826658 and rs2235529. Six others showed a significant trend towards an association: progesterone receptor (PGR) PROGINS, interCellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) rs1799969, aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) rs2292596, cytochrome family 17 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP17A1) rs743572, CYP2C19 rs4244285 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) rs1801282), and 12 showed a significant trend towards the lack of an association: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) rs1799964, interleukin 6 (IL6) rs1800796, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) rs1800469, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) rs2234693, PGR rs10895068, FSH receptor (FSHR) rs6166, ICAM1 rs5498, CYP1A1 rs4646903, CYP19A1 rs10046, tumor protein 53 (TP53) rs1042522, X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 1 (XRCC1) rs25487 and serpin peptidase inhibitor clade E member 1 (SERPINE1) rs1799889; however, for the 18 polymorphisms identified in the latter two groups, further studies of the potential association with the endometriosis risk are needed. The remaining five of the 28 polymorphisms were not associated with endometriosis: glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) null genotype, vascular endothelial growth factor alpha (VEGFA) rs699947, rs833061, rs2010963 and rs3025039.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

By carefully taking account of how the control populations were defined, we identified polymorphisms that might be candidates for use in endometriosis screening and polymorphisms not associated with endometriosis. This might constitute the first step towards identifying polymorphism combinations that predispose to endometriosis (IFNG (CA) repeat, GSTM1 null genotype, GSTP1 rs1695, WNT4 rs16826658 and WNT4 rs2235529) in a large cohort of patients with well-defined inclusion criteria. In turn, these results might improve the diagnosis of endometriosis in primary care. Lastly, our present findings may enable a better understanding of endometriosis and improve the management of patients with this disease.

New insights of CYP1A in endogenous metabolism: a focus on single nucleotide polymorphisms and diseases

Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), one of the major CYP subfamily in humans, not only metabolizes xenobiotics including clinical drugs and pollutants in the environment, but also mediates the biotransformation of important endogenous substances. In particular, some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for CYP1A genes may affect the metabolic ability of endogenous substances, leading to some physiological or pathological changes in humans. This review first summarizes the metabolism of endogenous substances by CYP1A, and then introduces the research progress of CYP1A SNPs, especially the research related to human diseases. Finally, the relationship between SNPs and diseases is discussed. In addition, potential animal models for CYP1A gene editing are summarized. In conclusion, CYP1A plays an important role in maintaining the health in the body.

Adenomyosis: genetics of estrogen metabolism

Background To analyze the allelic variants of genes of enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP19 and SULT1A1 using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of women with histologically confirmed adenomyosis and women without proliferative diseases of pelvic organs was performed. We studied the following polymorphisms: CYP1A1 M1, T264 → C transition in the 3'-noncoding region; CYP1A2*1F, C734 → A transversion in CYP1A2 gene; C → T transition (Arg264Cys) in exon 7 of CYP19; SULT1A1*2, G638 → A transition (Arg213His) in the SULT1A1 gene. Materials and methods The study included 804 patients. Group I (experimental group) consisted of 268 women with adenomyosis. Inclusion criteria were: histological verification of adenomyosis, consent of patients to participate in the study. Group II (control group) - 536 women without proliferative diseases of the uterus. Inclusion criteria were: lack of proliferative processes of the uterus histologically confirmed by ultrasound examination, patient's consent to participate in the study. Results We found the significant association of C allele, T/C and C/C genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene (CYP1A1 M1 polymorphism), A allele, C/A and A/A genotypes of the CYP1A2 gene (CYP1A2*1F polymorphism) and the T allele, C/T and C/C genotypes of the CYP19 (Arg264Cys polymorphism) gene with the risk for adenomyosis. Conclusions Patients with adenomyosis had increased frequency of C allele, T/C and C/C genotypes of the CYP1A1 gene, A allele, C/A and A/A genotypes of the CYP1A2 gene and T allele and C/T and C/C genotypes of the CYP19 gene and, on the contrary, decreased frequency of the mutant allele and heterozygous and mutant homozygous genotype of the CYP1A2 gene compared to women without proliferative diseases of the uterus.

Defining the genetic profile of endometriosis

Endometriosis is a pathological condition which has been extensively studied, since its pathophysiology stems from a broad spectrum of environmental influences and genetic factors. Familial studies aim at defining inheritance trends, while linkage analysis studies focus on the identification of genetic sites related to endometriosis susceptibility. Genetic association studies take into account candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms, and hence target at unraveling the association between disease severity and genetic variation. The common goal of various types of studies is, through genetic mapping methods, the timely identification of therapeutic strategies for disease symptoms, including pelvic pain and infertility, as well as efficient counselling. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) play a primary role in depicting genetic contributions to disease development, they entail a certain bias as regards the case-control nature of their design and the reproducibility of the results. Nevertheless, genetic-oriented studies and the implementation of the results through clinical tests, hold a considerable advantage in proper disease management. In this review article, we present information about gene-gene and gene-environment interactions involved in endometriosis and discuss the effectiveness of GWAS in identitying novel potential therapeutic targets in an attempt to develop novel therapeutic strategies for a better management and treatment of patients with endometriosis.

Relationship between MspI polymorphism of CYP1A1 gene and the risk of endometriosis in an Iranian population: A case-control study

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is a disease that affects women of reproductive age. This disease is characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissues (endometrial or stromal glands) outside the uterus and shows significantly elevated prevalence in industrial regions. Additionally, an interaction between genetics and environmental factors is assumed for the disease. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family are participated in detoxification process of a wide range of environmental toxins and carcinogens. Thereby, they are good link for the interaction. CYP1A1 which belong to cytochrome P450 (CYPs) superfamily, is a very important gene for the metabolism of carcinogens.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of the MspI polymorphism of CYP1A1 gene and its relation to endometriosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genomic DNA was isolated from 93 endometriosis women and 139 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

RESULTS

Frequencies of the TT, TC, and CC genotype of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism in patients were 73.1%, 22.6%, and 4.3%, while frequencies in controls were 74.1%, 22.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. So there was no significant differences between the genotypes in two groups (p=0.961).

CONCLUSION

According to our study, MspI polymorphism of CYP1A1 gene appears to be not associated with the risk of endometriosis in the studied population. However, additional studies, especially with larger sample size are needed to validate these findings.

A review of the risk factors, genetics and treatment of endometriosis in Chinese women: a comparative update

Endometriosis is one of the major causes of economic burden and compromised quality of life in a very large percentage of Asian women. While it is perceived as a benign condition, recent research has shown that it may be a significant cause of infertility and metastatic cancer. It has also been associated with other diseases linked to the functioning of the immune system. Genetic as well as environmental factors are known to affect the manifestation and progression of endometriosis. This review aims to summarize recent research pertaining to the risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis in Chinese women. It also provides an overview of identified genetic mutations and polymorphisms and their effects on the risk of developing endometriosis in the Chinese population. A comparison has been drawn between Asian and European-American female populations and the differences in risk factors and treatment responses have been summarized. Since traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is often used to treat endometriosis, wherever possible, a comparison between efficacies of Western medicine and TCM in the Chinese population has also been provided. Although much progress has been made in the treatment and resolution of endometriosis, several gaps remain and this review also highlights possible areas of future research and advancement that can result in an improvement in patient outcomes and quality of life.

Long non-coding RNA LINC00261 inhibits cell growth and migration in endometriosis

AIM

A previous study reported that LINC00261 is significantly downregulated in human ectopic endometrial tissues. The present study aimed to explore whether LINC00261 is functional in endometriosis cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration.

METHODS

By transfecting human endometriosis cell line CRL-7566 with plasmids containing LINC00261, we successfully established the cell CRL-7566/LINC00261 with a high LINC00261 expression level. Cell-counting kit-8 and colony formation assays were conducted to evaluate the effect of LINC00261 on cell proliferation, and flow cytometry analysis and transwell migration assay were conducted to evaluate its effect on cell apoptosis and cell migration, respectively.

RESULTS

Cell-counting kit-8 and colony formation assays both indicated that LINC00261 could inhibit cell proliferation in CRL-7566. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that LINC00261 mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, which might be a consequence of inducting apoptosis. Furthermore, transwell migration assay indicated that LINC00261 could inhibit cell migration in endometriosis.

CONCLUSION

LncRNA LINC00261 is capable of inhibiting cell growth and migration in endometriosis.

Application of CRS-PCR-RFLP to identify CYP1A1 gene polymorphism

BACKGROUND

Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) is a member of the cytochrome P450 gene family and plays an important role in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous material. In recent research, it has been shown that its genetic polymorphisms are associated with many diseases. But the isoschizomers such as the BsrDI enzyme required for the detection of this polymorphism are expensive.

METHODS

The study used an improved PCR-RFLP method with mismatched base for detection of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1048943. A new restriction enzyme cutting site was created by created restriction site PCR (CRS-PCR), and the restriction enzyme StyI for RFLP was cheaper than other enzymes. A total of 320 samples from Han Chinese were tested to evaluate this novel method. The PCR results were confirmed by DNA sequencing.

RESULTS

After detecting 320 Chinese Han individuals, the genotype frequencies were 63.74% for AA, 31.54% for AG, and 4.72% for GG. The allelic frequencies were 75.48% for A and 24.52% for G. The x² test showed the genotype and allele frequencies of CYP1A1 do not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the sequences of amplified products were consistent with the one published in GenBank with the exception of mismatched base.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on PCR with mismatched primers we designed, the CYP1A1 polymorphism could be identified effectively with low cost.