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Dauber EM, Haas OA, Nebral K, Gassner C, Haslinger S, Geyeregger R, Hustinx H, Lejon Crottet S, Scharberg EA, Müller-Steinhardt M, Schönbacher M, Mayr WR, Körmöczi GF. Body-wide chimerism and mosaicism are predominant causes of naturally occurring ABO discrepancies. Br J Haematol 2024. [PMID: 38973155 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Routine ABO blood group typing of apparently healthy individuals sporadically uncovers unexplained mixed-field reactions. Such blood group discrepancies can either result from a haematopoiesis-confined or body-wide dispersed chimerism or mosaicism. Taking the distinct clinical consequences of these four different possibilities into account, we explored the responsible cause in nine affected individuals. Genotype analyses revealed that more than three-quarters were chimaeras (two same-sex females, four same-sex males, one sex-mismatched male), while two were mosaics. Short tandem repeat analyses of buccal swab, hair root and nail DNA suggested a body-wide involvement in all instances. Moreover, genome-wide array analyses unveiled that in both mosaic cases the causative genetic defect was a unique copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity encompassing the entire long arm of chromosome 9. The practical transfusion- or transplantation-associated consequences of such incidental discoveries are well known and therefore easily manageable. Far less appreciated is the fact that such findings also call attention to potential problems that directly ensue from their specific genetic make-up. In case of chimerism, these are the appearance of seemingly implausible family relationships and pitfalls in forensic testing. In case of mosaicism, they concern with the necessity to delineate innocuous pre-existent or age-related from disease-predisposing and disease-indicating cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Dauber
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar A Haas
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Labdia Labordiagnostik, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Nebral
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Labdia Labordiagnostik, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gassner
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Sabrina Haslinger
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- Labdia Labordiagnostik, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Geyeregger
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hein Hustinx
- Interregional Blood Transfusion SRC Ltd., Berne, Switzerland
| | | | - Erwin A Scharberg
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Michael Müller-Steinhardt
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Marlies Schönbacher
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Mayr
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther F Körmöczi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Song S, Kim M, Koh JH, Kang OJ, Oh D, Lee SH, Lee SJ, Ahn JW, Roh HJ, Kim KR, Kim JS. Chimeric Singleton Placenta Comprising Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia and Complete Hydatidiform Mole with Live Birth and Postpartum Diagnosis of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2023; 88:314-321. [PMID: 37442099 DOI: 10.1159/000531864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is a benign lesion that is often misdiagnosed as complete (CHM) or partial hydatidiform mole. PMD usually results in live birth but can be associated with several fetal defects. Herein, we report PMD with CHM in a singleton placenta with live birth. CASE PRESENTATION A 34-year-old gravida 2, para 1, living 1 (G2P1L1) woman was referred on suspicion of a molar pregnancy in the first trimester. Maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophin levels were increased during early pregnancy, with multicystic lesions and placentomegaly observed on ultrasonography. Levels decreased to normal with no fetal structural abnormalities observed. A healthy male infant was delivered at 34 gestational weeks. Placental p57KIP2 immunostaining and short tandem repeat analysis revealed three distinct histologies and genetic features: normal infant and placenta, PMD, and CHM. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was diagnosed and up to fourth-line chemotherapy administered. CONCLUSION Distinguishing PMD from hydatidiform moles is critical for avoiding unnecessary termination of pregnancy. CHM coexisting with a live fetus rarely occurs. This case is unique in that a healthy male infant was born from a singleton placenta with PMD and CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeon Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Misung Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Koh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Ju Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - DaSol Oh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Woo Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Roh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Rae Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Semikhodskii A, Makarova T, Sutyagina D. Paternity pseudo-exclusion caused by tetragametic chimerism in a gestational surrogacy case. Eur J Med Genet 2023:104799. [PMID: 37276934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimerism is a condition when an organism is composed of two or more populations of genetically distinct cells. Chimerism often produces curious results of medical and genetic investigations and could be a major cause of false negative conclusions in parentage testing. Here we describe a paternity pseudo-exclusion due to tetragametic chimerism in a gestational surrogacy case originated in a fertility clinic. Initial analysis using a buccal swab from the child and a peripheral blood sample from the father showed paternity exclusion at 6 STR loci. To find out the reason for observed paternal discrepancy father's semen sample used for IVF and samples from other tissues were genotyped. Buccal swabs, semen, hair follicles, nail clippings and cerumen showed identical mixed autosomal STR profiles originated from two genetically different cell lines and for all the 24 informative loci contain paternal obligate alleles. Results of Y-STR profiling of all paternal sample types showed a DNA profile originated from a single man. The mixed profiles obtained for different tissue types suggest that two genetically different cell lines contributed to formation of both the endoderm and the ectoderm of the father. The mesoderm seems to be monoclonal having originated from a genetically homogenous cell line as evidenced by the STR profile of peripheral blood. Such allelic pattern for various tissues suggests that the clonal origin happened at the very early stage of embryonic development. Approaches to minimise the rate of false exclusions in DNA parentage tests due to chimerism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Makarova
- Medical Genomics LLC, 48 Zhelyabov Str, Tver, 170100, Russian Federation
| | - Daria Sutyagina
- Medical Genomics LLC, 48 Zhelyabov Str, Tver, 170100, Russian Federation
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Shotivaranon J, Rerkamnuaychoke B, Bandhaya A. The extent of STR chimerism in different biological samples following bone marrow transplantation: A case report. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Twins Separated at Birth: Across a Country and Around the World/Twin Research: Memorial Tribute to Isaac Blickstein, MD; Infanticide and Sacrifice of Archaic-Aged Twins and Triplets; Prehistoric Twin Burials; Highlights from a Conference on Three Identical Strangers/Media Reports: An Atypical Twin Father; An Actor's Twin Brother; Twin Link to Tulsa, Oklahoma Massacre; Superfetated Twins; Twin Comedians and Script Writers; Indian Twins' Loss to COVID-19. Twin Res Hum Genet 2021; 24:244-250. [PMID: 34429182 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2021.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Every reared-apart monozygotic (MZ) twin pair offers a fresh perspective on human developmental questions. This is true regardless of whether the co-twins were raised in the same country or across the globe. The members of two pairs of separated MZ female twins have recently come to attention. In one case the twins were raised by different families in Argentina; in the other case the twins were raised by different families in Sweden and Vietnam. The perceptions and perspectives of these twins are insightful. The twin research section that follows begins with a tribute to our late esteemed colleague, Dr Isaac Blickstein (1953-2020). Research concerning the infanticide and sacrifice of Archaic-aged twins and triplets and prehistoric twin burials is reviewed next. Highlights from a conference focused on the 2018 film Three Identical Strangers are also included in this portion. The final section of this article includes media reports of an atypical twin father, an actor's twin brother, a twin link to the 1921 Tulsa, Oklahoma massacre, the birth of superfetated twins, twin comedians and script writers and Indian twins' tragic loss to COVID-19.
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Dash HR, Rawat N, Vajpayee K, Shrivastava P, Das S. Useful autosomal STR marker sets for forensic and paternity applications in the Central Indian population. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:37-48. [PMID: 33470866 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1877353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries have developed their core set of STR loci for forensic application and database generation, which India lacks. AIM To assess the usefulness of various combinations of autosomal STR marker sets for their superior use in the central Indian population for forensic and paternity applications. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 19 STR marker sets were analysed on 200 central Indian populations and 20 paternity cases to assess their usefulness. RESULTS Two marker sets each comprising 19 STR markers are found to be superior to 20 expanded CODIS loci in the studied population. These marker sets also showed their effectiveness in 20 paternity cases having CPI values of 7.62 × 1011 and 7.16 × 1011. Three non-CODIS STR markers Penta E, Penta D, and SE33 showed amplification in 50 challenging samples with >0.80 heterozygosity. CONCLUSION Population-specific STR marker sets are useful in forensic and paternity applications, as well as database generation, and it is envisioned that Penta E, Penta D, and SE33 markers will be included in the list of core STR loci in the central Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Rawat
- DNA Fingerprinting Unit, Forensic Science Laboratory, Bhopal, India.,Department of Forensic Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | | | - Surajit Das
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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Chang L, Yu H, Miao X, Wen S, Zhang B, Li S. Evaluation of a Custom SNP Panel for Identifying and Rectifying of Misjudged Paternity in Deficiency Cases. Front Genet 2021; 12:602429. [PMID: 33692823 PMCID: PMC7937934 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.602429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parentage testing is routinely performed by genotyping short tandem repeat (STR) through capillary electrophoresis in the present. However, ambiguous or even misjudged paternity based on STRs happens from time to time in cases where only one putative parent is available. We analyzed STR data of 7,818,969 unrelated pairs and 75 close-relative pairs and found that although the probability of a random false match between non-relatives was 4.22 × 10-6, the incidence of false or ambiguous paternity results between children and first-degree relatives of their true parent was as high as 18.67%. These results highlight the risk of false inclusion of a relative or even non-relatives in parentage testing with STRs. We then validated all ambiguous STR results by targeted sequencing with a custom panel containing 4,830 individual identification single nucleotide polymorphisms (IISNP), found that the ratio of mismatch loci to total SNPs was 1.78-6.95% in close relatives compared with 10.93-13.49% in unrelated pairs. Last, we reported three real cases with undetermined paternity by STRs and rectified them by dissecting with our IISNP panel. These results suggested that high-density IISNP panel can be used to identify and rectify misjudged cases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Chang
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiyun Yu
- Forensic Genomics International, Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyao Miao
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Siqi Wen
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengbin Li
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy, Western China Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Lowry JL, Ryan ÉB, Esengul YT, Siddique N, Siddique T. Intricacies of aetiology in intrafamilial degenerative disease. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa120. [PMID: 33134917 PMCID: PMC7585693 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic underpinnings of late-onset degenerative disease have typically been determined by screening families for the segregation of genetic variants with the disease trait in affected, but not unaffected, individuals. However, instances of intrafamilial etiological heterogeneity, where pathogenic variants in a culprit gene are not shared among all affected family members, continue to emerge and confound gene-discovery and genetic counselling efforts. Discordant intrafamilial cases lacking a mutation shared by other affected family members are described as disease phenocopies. This description often results in an over-simplified acceptance of an environmental cause of disease in the phenocopy cases, while the role of intrafamilial genetic heterogeneity, shared de novo mutations or epigenetic aberrations in such families is often ignored. On a related note, it is now evident that the same disease-associated variant can be present in individuals exhibiting clinically distinct phenotypes, thereby genetically uniting seemingly unrelated syndromes to form a spectrum of disease. Herein, we discuss the intricacies of determining complex degenerative disease aetiology and suggest alternative mechanisms of disease transmission that may account for the apparent missing heritability of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Lowry
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Éanna B Ryan
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Y Taylan Esengul
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nailah Siddique
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Teepu Siddique
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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9
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Natural human chimeras: A review. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103971. [PMID: 32565253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The term chimera has been borrowed from Greek mythology and has a long history of use in biology and genetics. A chimera is an organism whose cells are derived from two or more zygotes. Recipients of tissue and organ transplants are artificial chimeras. This review concerns natural human chimeras. The first human chimera was reported in 1953. Natural chimeras can arise in various ways. Fetal and maternal cells can cross the placental barrier so that both mother and child may become microchimeras. Two zygotes can fuse together during an early embryonic stage to form a fusion chimera. Most chimeras remain undetected, especially if both zygotes are of the same genetic sex. Many are discovered accidently, for example, during a routine blood group test. Even sex-discordant chimeras can have a normal male or female phenotype. Only 28 of the 50 individuals with a 46,XX/46,XY karyotype were either true hermaphrodites or had ambiguous genitalia. Blood chimeras are formed by blood transfusion between dizygotic twins via the shared placenta and are more common than was once assumed. In marmoset monkey twins the exchange via the placenta is not limited to blood but can involve other tissues, including germ cells. To date there are no examples in humans of twin chimeras involving germ cells. If human chimeras are more common than hitherto thought there could be many medical, social, forensic, and legal implications. More multidisciplinary research is required for a better understanding of this fascinating subject.
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A case of a parthenogenetic 46,XX/46,XY chimera presenting ambiguous genitalia. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:705-709. [PMID: 32277176 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sex-chromosome discordant chimerism (XX/XY chimerism) is a rare chromosomal disorder in humans. We report a boy with ambiguous genitalia and hypospadias, showing 46,XY[26]/46,XX[4] in peripheral blood cells. To clarify the mechanism of how this chimerism took place, we carried out whole-genome genotyping using a SNP array and microsatellite analysis. The B-allele frequency of the SNP array showed a mixture of three and five allele combinations, which excluded mosaicism but not chimerism, and suggested the fusion of two embryos or a shared parental haplotype between the two parental cells. All microsatellite markers showed a single maternal allele. From these results, we concluded that this XX/XY chimera is composed of two different paternal alleles and a single duplicated maternal genome. This XX/XY chimera likely arose from a diploid maternal cell that was formed via endoduplication of the maternal genome just before fertilization, being fertilized with both X and Y sperm.
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Wenk RE. A review of the biology and classification of human chimeras. Transfusion 2018; 58:2054-2067. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Wenk
- Relationship Testing Accreditation Program Unit; Baltimore Maryland
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12
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Fertilization and Early Embryonic Errors. CHIMERISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89866-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Sheets K, Wenk R. Relationship Testing and Forensics. CHIMERISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89866-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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