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Yamamoto K, Tanikawa T, Tomita J, Ishida Y, Nakata D, Terao K, Inoue Y. Characterization, Preparation, and Promotion of Plant Growth of 1,3-Diphenylurea/β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives Inclusion Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34972-34981. [PMID: 37779935 PMCID: PMC10536069 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to prepare inclusion complexes of 1,3-diphenylurea (DPU) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD) using a three-dimensional ground mixture (3DGM). Their physicochemical properties, intermolecular interactions, solubilities, and plant growth-promoting activities were investigated on broccoli sprouts. Phase-solubility diagrams indicated the stability constant (Ks) and complexation efficiency (CE) of βCD/DPU were found to be K1/1 = 250 M-1, CE = 2.48× 10-3. The Ks and CEs of HP-βCD/DPU were found to be K1/1 = 427 M-1, CE = 3.93 × 10-3 and K2/1 = 196 M-1, CE = 1.93 × 10-3 respectively. The powder X-ray diffraction results of 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1, HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1) showed that the diffraction peaks originating from the DPU and βCD disappeared, indicating a halo pattern. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed an endothermic peak at 244 °C derived from the melting point of DPU, but the endothermic peak disappeared in the 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1, HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1). Near-infrared absorption spectra showed peak shifts in 3DGM (βCD/DPU and HP-βCD/DPU) at the -CH and -NH groups of DPU and the -OH groups of βCDs and free water. In the dissolution test (after 5 min), the concentration of intact DPU was 0.083 μg/mL. However, the dissolution concentrations of DPU in the 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 1/1), 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1), 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 1/1), and 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1) were 3.27, 3.64, 5.70, and 7.03 μg/mL, respectively, indicating higher solubility than that of the intact DPU. Further, 1H-1H NOESY NMR spectroscopic measurements showed cross-peaks between H-A (7.32 ppm) and H-B (7.12 ppm) of DPU and H-6 (3.79 ppm) in the βCD cavity of the 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1). A cross-peak was also observed among DPU H-A (7.32 ppm), H-B (7.11 ppm), and H-6 (3.78 ppm) in the βCD cavity. The results of the broccoli sprout cultivation experiment showed that 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 1/1), 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1), 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 1/1), and 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1) increased the stem thickness compared with that of the control group (DPU). These results indicated that the βCD/DPU and HP-βCD/DPU inclusion complexes were formed by the three-dimensional mixing and milling method, which enhanced the solubility and plant growth-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Laboratory
of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory
of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
| | - Junki Tomita
- Instrument
Analysis Center, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ishida
- CycloChem
Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5
minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakata
- CycloChem
Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5
minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Keiji Terao
- CycloChem
Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5
minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory
of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
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Inoue Y, Shigematsu M, Komatsu T, Oguchi T, Arce FJ, See GL. Preparation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of 3D Ball-Milled Rifampicin with β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin : 3D Ball-Milled Rifampicin with β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:138. [PMID: 35534746 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin (RFP) solutions, intended to reduce incidence of prosthetic graft infection, were prepared as three-dimensional ground mixtures (3DGMs) using β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) and characterized for their spectroscopic properties and solubility. Phase solubility diagrams revealed that 3DGMs (RFP/βCD and RFP/γCD) produced a complex at 1:1 molar ratio. Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicated that the diffusion coefficients for RFP/βCD and RFP/γCD were similar to the respective diffusion coefficients for βCD and γCD. Rotating-frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR spectra revealed the existence of a new exchanger peak for RFP/γCD, suggesting an intermolecular interaction different from that of RFP/βCD. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the presence of endothermic peak at 191 °C indicating the manifestation of RFP in the inclusion complex. Interestingly, molecular interactions from the complexes, RFP/βCD and RFP/γCD, revealed different patterns of inclusion in the 3DGMs. In RFP/βCD, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR spectra indicated cross peaks for the protons of the methyl group of RFP and the protons (H-5 and H-6) in the βCD cavity. The methyl group of RFP interacted with the narrow rim of βCD. With RFP/γCD, cross peaks were due to the protons of the methyl group of RFP and the protons of the cavity of γCD suggesting multiple inclusion patterns. The observed multiple cross peaks affirm the inclusion of RFP into the CD cavity which enhanced its solubility by 1.6-2.0-fold when prepared as 3DGMs as RFP/βCD and RFP/γCD, respectively.
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Cong Y, Du C, Xing K, Bian Y, Li X, Wang M. Research on solubility modelling of actarit in different solvents: Solvent effect, Hansen solubility parameter, molecular interactions and solution thermodynamics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ikeda N, Inoue Y, Ogata Y, Murata I, Meiyan X, Takayama J, Sakamoto T, Okazaki M, Kanamoto I. Improvement of the Solubility and Evaluation of the Physical Properties of an Inclusion Complex Formed by a New Ferulic Acid Derivative and γ-Cyclodextrin. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12073-12080. [PMID: 32548386 PMCID: PMC7271043 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid derivative 012 (FAD012) is a ferulic acid (FA) derivative. The current study prepared a solid dispersion of FAD012 and γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) and ground it using a three-dimensional ball mill (3DGM) to prepare an inclusion complex. This study also assessed the physicochemical properties such as solubility of that complex. A Job's plot indicated that FAD012 and γCD formed an inclusion complex at a molar ratio of 1:1. Phase solubility diagrams revealed that FAD012 produced a BS diagram. According to PXRD, FAD012 produced a diffraction peak at 2θ = 7.0° and γCD produced a diffraction peak at 2θ = 9.1°. Those two peaks were not produced by the 3DGM, but new peaks (2θ = 7.3 and 16.5°) were evident. DSC patterns revealed an endothermic peak due to the melting of FAD012 at 190 °C, but no endothermic peaks were evident with the 3DGM. NIR spectra of the 3DGM indicated that the methyl group of FAD012 produced a higher peak and that the OH groups of γCD produced a higher peak. 1H-1H ROESY NMR spectra (D2O) revealed cross peaks for protons of the methyl group of FAD012 and a proton (H-3) in the cavity of γCD, so FAD012 presumably interacts with the wide opening of the γCD torus. A solubility test (25 °C) indicated that solubility improved about 5-fold for the 3DGM in comparison to the solubility of FAD012 alone (about 140 μg/mL). Based on these findings, an FAD012/γCD complex was formed by cogrinding, and its solubility improved. These observations are expected to expand the usefulness of cogrinding of FAD012 with γCD using a 3D ball mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Ikeda
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Yuka Ogata
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Isamu Murata
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Xuan Meiyan
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Jun Takayama
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Laboratory
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Mari Okazaki
- Laboratory
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kanamoto
- Laboratory
of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
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Suzuki R, Inoue Y, Murata I, Nomura H, Isshiki Y, Hashimoto M, Kudo Y, Kitagishi H, Kondo S, Kanamoto I. Preparation, characterization, and study of the antimicrobial activity of a Hinokitiol-copper(II)/γ-cyclodextrin ternary complex. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ren X, Qian H, Tang P, Tang Y, Liu Y, Pu H, Zhang M, Zhao L, Li H. Preparation, Characterization, and Properties of Inclusion Complexes of Balofloxacin with Cyclodextrins. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:278. [PMID: 31396732 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study mainly aimed to improve the aqueous solubility of Balofloxacin (BLFX) by preparing the inclusion complexes (ICs) of BLFX with cyclodextrins (CDs). In this study, ICs in solid state were obtained by using beta-CD (β-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD), 2, 6-dimethyl-β-CD (DM-β-CD) through a freeze-drying technique. The formation of ICs was confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. Results demonstrated that the water solubility and dissolution rates of three ICs were distinctly improved than that of parent BLFX. Bacteriostatic experiment manifested that the antibacterial effect of BLFX was not inhibited after encapsulation in CDs. The damage of BLFX to kidney and liver cells was reduced. Consequently, successful preparation of the ICs of BLFX with CDs provided possibility for devising new dosage form of BLFX, which held great promise for further applications in clinical fields.
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Inoue Y, Shinohara I, Murata I, Kanamoto I. Study on the molecular stability, solubility, and diffusibility of guaiazulene included in β- and γ-cyclodextrin. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Barbosa JS, Nolasco MM, Ribeiro-Claro P, Almeida Paz FA, Braga SS. Preformulation Studies of the γ-Cyclodextrin and Montelukast Inclusion Compound Prepared by Comilling. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1837-1847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Inoue Y, Hirano A, Murata I, Kobata K, Kanamoto I. Assessment of the Physical Properties of Inclusion Complexes of Forchlorfenuron and γ-Cyclodextrin Derivatives and Their Promotion of Plant Growth. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13160-13169. [PMID: 30411028 PMCID: PMC6217596 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study prepared solid dispersions of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) or CPPU and 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HPγCD) via cogrinding and coprecipitation to assess their physicochemical properties and their effect on plant growth. According to phase solubility diagrams, both CPPU/γCD and CPPU/HPγCD formed an inclusion complex at a molar ratio of 1/1. According to differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction, a ground mixture (GM) of CPPU and γCD (molar ratio = 1/1), a GM of CPPU and HPγCD (molar ratio = 1/1), and a coprecipitate (CP) of CPPU and γCD (molar ratio = 1/1) formed an inclusion complex. According to 1H-1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy of the GMs and CP, the aromatic rings of the CPPU molecule are presumably included in CD from the wider to the narrower rim of its ring. Cultivation of broccoli sprouts with the GMs and CP resulted in no differences in the length of sprouts in comparison to a commercial preparation (Fulmet).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Laboratory of Functional Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai,
Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Ai Hirano
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Laboratory of Functional Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai,
Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Isamu Murata
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Laboratory of Functional Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai,
Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Laboratory of Functional Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai,
Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kanamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Laboratory of Functional Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai,
Sakado-shi, Saitama 3500295, Japan
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Li Y, Pan H, Duan H, Chen J, Zhu Z, Fan J, Li P, Yang X, Pan W. Double-layered osmotic pump controlled release tablets of actarit: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:340-348. [PMID: 32104464 PMCID: PMC7032193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop actarit double-layered osmotic pump tablets to overcome the weak points of actarit common tablets, such as short half-life and large plasma concentration fluctuations. Single factor experiment and orthogonal test were applied to optimize the formulation; the pharmacokinetic study was performed in beagle dogs adopting actarit common tablets as reference tablets. The optimal formulation was as follows: drug layer: 150 mg actarit, 240 mg PEO-N80, 50 mg NaCl; push layer: 140 mg PEO-WSR303, 20 mg NaCl; coating solution: 30 g cellulose acetate and 6 g PEG 4000 in 1000 ml 94% acetone solution, 60 mg coating weight gain. The pharmacokinetic study showed that Tmax was prolonged by the contrast of commercial common tablets with constant drug release rate, but the bioavailability was equivalent. And a good in vivo–in vitro correlation of the actarit osmotic pump tablets was also established. The designed actarit osmotic pump tablets can be applied for rheumatoid arthritis, proposing a promising replacement for the marked common products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuenan Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Liao Ning University, No. 66, Chongshan Middle Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110036, China
| | - Hongliang Duan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Jianting Chen
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Jingxin Fan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Pingfei Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Xinggang Yang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Weisan Pan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110016, China
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Shiozawa R, Inoue Y, Murata I, Kanamoto I. Effect of antioxidant activity of caffeic acid with cyclodextrins using ground mixture method. Asian J Pharm Sci 2017; 13:24-33. [PMID: 32104375 PMCID: PMC7032159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we prepared a ground mixture (GM) of caffeic acid (CA) with α-cyclodextrin (αCD) and with β-cyclodextrin (βCD), and then comparatively assessed the physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of these GMs. Phase solubility diagrams indicated that both CA/αCD and CA/βCD formed a complex at a molar ratio of 1/1. In addition, stability constants suggested that CA was more stable inside the cavity of αCD than inside the cavity of βCD. Results of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) indicated that the characteristic diffraction peaks of CA and CD disappeared and a halo pattern was produced by the GMs of CA/αCD and CA/βCD (molar ratios = 1/1). Dissolution testing revealed that both GMs had a higher rate of dissolution than CA alone did. Based on the 1H-1H NOESY NMR spectra for the GM of CA/αCD, the vinylene group of the CA molecule appeared to be included from the wider to the narrower rim of the αCD ring. Based on spectra for the GM of CA/βCD, the aromatic ring of the CA molecule appeared to be included from the wider to the narrower rim of the βCD ring. This suggests that the structures of the CA inclusion complexes differed between those involving αCD rings and those involving βCD rings. Results of a DPPH radical-scavenging activity test indicated that the GM of CA/αCD had a higher antioxidant capacity than that of the GM of CA/βCD. The differences in the antioxidant capacities of the GMs of CA/αCD and CA/βCD are presumably due to differences in stability constants and structures of the inclusion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Drug Safety Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0295, Japan. Tel.: +81 49 271 7317; Mobile: +81 90 6921 9565.
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Mura P. Analytical techniques for characterization of cyclodextrin complexes in the solid state: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:226-38. [PMID: 25743620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides able to form inclusion complexes with a variety of hydrophobic guest molecules, positively modifying their physicochemical properties. A thorough analytical characterization of cyclodextrin complexes is of fundamental importance to provide an adequate support in selection of the most suitable cyclodextrin for each guest molecule, and also in view of possible future patenting and marketing of drug-cyclodextrin formulations. The demonstration of the actual formation of a drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in solution does not guarantee its existence also in the solid state. Moreover, the technique used to prepare the solid complex can strongly influence the properties of the final product. Therefore, an appropriate characterization of the drug-cyclodextrin solid systems obtained has also a key role in driving in the choice of the most effective preparation method, able to maximize host-guest interactions. The analytical characterization of drug-cyclodextrin solid systems and the assessment of the actual inclusion complex formation is not a simple task and involves the combined use of several analytical techniques, whose results have to be evaluated together. The objective of the present review is to present a general prospect of the principal analytical techniques which can be employed for a suitable characterization of drug-cyclodextrin systems in the solid state, evidencing their respective potential advantages and limits. The applications of each examined technique are described and discussed by pertinent examples from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
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