Preparation and characterization of diclofenac sodium β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex eye drops

Novel Eye Drop Delivery Systems: Advance on Formulation Design Strategies Targeting Anterior and Posterior Segments of the Eye

Eye drops are the most common and convenient route of topical administration and the first choice of treatment for many ocular diseases. However, the ocular bioavailability of traditional eye drops (i.e., solutions, suspensions, and ointments) is very low because of ophthalmic physiology and barriers, which greatly limits their therapeutic effect. Over the past few decades, many novel eye drop delivery systems, such as prodrugs, cyclodextrins, in situ gels, and nanoparticles, have been developed to improve ophthalmic bioavailability. These novel eye drop delivery systems have good biocompatibility, adhesion, and propermeation properties and have shown superior performance and efficacy over traditional eye drops. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to systematically present the research progress on novel eye drop delivery systems and provide a reference for the development of dosage form, clinical application, and commercial transformation of eye drops.

Spray dried nanospheres for inclusion complexes of cefpodoxime proxetil with β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin: improved dissolution and enhanced antibacterial activity

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the current research was the development hard cellulose capsules containing cefpodoxime proxetil (CEF) (BCS-Class II) encapsulated nanospheres of inclusion complexes with β-CD, HP-β-CD and M-β-CD for efficient antibacterial therapy.

SIGNIFICANCE

The reason for this phenomenon is to bring an innovative approach to effective oral antimicrobial therapy with hard cellulose capsules containing spray dried nanospheres of CEF with β-CD, HP-β-CD and M-β-CD by means of increased solubility, dissolution rate and improved antibacterial efficiency with lower oral dose.

METHODS

Phase solubility analyses was performed to evaluate the drug/CD interaction, involving the stoichiometry and apparent stability constant. Following the preparation of inclusion complexes by spray-drying method, complexes were characterized for physical, solid-state and microbiological analyses. In vitro dissolution from hard cellulose capsules containing CEF and CEF/β-CD, CEF/HP-β-CD and CEF/M-β-CD complexes were performed.

RESULTS

According to AL type phase solubility curves, complexes were formulated as 1:1 molar ratio. The solubility of pure CEF was determined as 0.241 ± 0.002 mg mL-1, the solubility of inclusion complexes increased solubility from 3 to 5 times. The strong host-guest interaction was confirmed for CEF/HP-β-CD and CEF/M-β-CD complexes with SEM, DSC, FT-IR and 1H-NMR analyses. Inclusion complexes were more efficient on bacterial cells (2-4 fold) than pure CEF both Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Hard-cellulose capsules filled with inclusion complexes exhibited significantly faster release than unprocessed CEF.

CONCLUSION

Hard-cellulose capsules containing CEF/HP-β-CD and CEF/M-β-CD complexes appear to be superior alternative to commercially available CEF tablets for effective antibacterial therapy.

Complexation of methyl salicylate with β-cyclodextrin and its release characteristics for active food packaging

A series of methyl salicylate (MeSA)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complexes (ICs) were prepared at different MeSA concentrations by the co-precipitation method using methyl salicylate for maintaining the quality of fresh produce. The formation of IC was confirmed through FTIR, ¹H NMR, TGA, and SEM measurements. Among the grades applied, IC with 1:1 grade showed the highest MeSA entrapment efficiency (59%). The release rate of MeSA from an IC was greater at higher temperature and higher relative humidity. In addition, the MeSA release from ICs of all grades followed a diffusive nature and first-order kinetics at 25 °C under all RH conditions, except at 7 °C. These results indicate that the use of a MeSA/β-CD IC in active packaging applications can effective maintain the quality of fresh produce.