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Wang G, Liu J, Lian T, Sun Y, Chen X, Todo M, Osaka A. Distribution and propagation of stress and strain in cube honeycombs as trabecular bone substitutes: Finite element model analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 159:106647. [PMID: 39178822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
For designing trabecular (Tb) bone substitutes suffering from osteoporosis, finite element model (FEM) simulations were conducted on honeycombs (HCs) of 8 × 8 × 1 (2D) and 8 × 8 × 8 (3D) assemblies of cube cellular units consisting of 0.9 mm long Nylon® 66 (PA, Young's modulus E: 2.83 GPa) and polyethylene (PE, E: 1.1 GPa) right square prisms. Osteoporotic damage to the Tb bone was simulated by removing the inner vertical struts (pillars; the number of removed pillars: Δn ≤ 300) and by thinning the strut (thickness, d: 0.4-0.1 mm), while the six facade lattices were kept flawless. Uniform and uniaxial compressive loads on the HCs induced elastic deformation of the struts. The pillars held almost all the load, while the horizontal struts (beams) shared little. E for PA 3D HCs of all d smoothly decreased with Δn. PA 3D HCs of 0.2 mm struts deserved to be the substitutes for Tb bone, while PE 3D HCs of 0.05 mm struts were only for the Tb bone of the poorest bone quality. For the PA 3D HCs, the maximum von Mises stress (σM) first rapidly increased with Δn and showed a break at Δñ50, then gradually approached the yield stress of PA (50 MPa). Moreover, small portions of the stress were transferred from the façade pillars to the adjacent inner beams, especially those near the lost-pillar sites, denoted as X defects. The floor beams of thinner struts associated with the X-defects were lifted, and similar lifting effects in smaller amounts were propagated to the other floors. The 3DHCs of the thicker struts showed no such flexural deformations. The concept of force percolation through the remaining struts was proposed to interpret those mechanical behaviors of the HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, 471023, PR China.
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, 471023, PR China
| | - Tingting Lian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, 471023, PR China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, 471023, PR China
| | - Xuewen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, 471023, PR China
| | - Mitsugu Todo
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Osaka
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, 471023, PR China; Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Aalto-Setälä L, Uppstu P, Björkenheim R, Strömberg G, Lindfors NC, Pajarinen J, Hupa L. In vitro and in vivo dissolution of biocompatible S59 glass scaffolds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:38. [PMID: 38958834 PMCID: PMC11222206 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Fabrication of porous tissue-engineering scaffolds from bioactive glasses (BAG) is complicated by the tendency of BAG compositions to crystallize in thermal treatments during scaffold manufacture. Here, experimental biocompatible glass S59 (SiO2 59.7 wt%, Na2O 25.5 wt%, CaO 11.0 wt%, P2O5 2.5 wt%, B2O3 1.3 wt%), known to be resistant to crystallization, was used in sintering of glass granules (300-500 µm) into porous scaffolds. The dissolution behavior of the scaffolds was then studied in vivo in rabbit femurs and under continuous flow conditions in vitro (14 days in vitro/56 days in vivo). The scaffolds were osteoconductive in vivo, as bone could grow into the scaffold structure. Still, the scaffolds could not induce sufficiently rapid bone ingrowth to replace the strength lost due to dissolution. The scaffolds lost their structure and strength as the scaffold necks dissolved. In vitro, S59 dissolved congruently throughout the 14-day experiments, resulting in only a slight reaction layer formation. Manufacturing BAG scaffolds from S59 that retain their amorphous structure was thus possible. The relatively rapid and stable dissolution of the scaffold implies that the glass S59 may have the potential to be used in composite implants providing initial strength and stable, predictable release of ions over longer exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aalto-Setälä
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Peter Uppstu
- Polymer Technology Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Björkenheim
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nina C Lindfors
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Pajarinen
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Hupa
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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Schätzlein E, Kicker C, Söhling N, Ritz U, Neijhoft J, Henrich D, Frank J, Marzi I, Blaeser A. 3D-Printed PLA-Bioglass Scaffolds with Controllable Calcium Release and MSC Adhesion for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122389. [PMID: 35745964 PMCID: PMC9229101 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Large bone defects are commonly treated by replacement with auto- and allografts, which have substantial drawbacks including limited supply, donor site morbidity, and possible tissue rejection. This study aimed to improve bone defect treatment using a custom-made filament for tissue engineering scaffolds. The filament consists of biodegradable polylactide acid (PLA) and a varying amount (up to 20%) of osteoconductive S53P4 bioglass. By employing an innovative, additive manufacturing technique, scaffolds with optimized physico-mechanical and biological properties were produced. The scaffolds feature adjustable macro- and microporosity (200–2000 µm) with adaptable mechanical properties (83–135 MPa). Additionally, controllable calcium release kinetics (0–0.25 nMol/µL after 24 h), tunable mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) adhesion potential (after 24 h by a factor of 14), and proliferation (after 168 h by a factor of 18) were attained. Microgrooves resulting from the 3D-printing process on the surface act as a nucleus for cell aggregation, thus being a potential cell niche for spheroid formation or possible cell guidance. The scaffold design with its adjustable biomechanics and the bioglass with its antimicrobial properties are of particular importance for the preclinical translation of the results. This study comprehensibly demonstrates the potential of a 3D-printed bioglass composite scaffold for the treatment of critical-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schätzlein
- Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | | | - Nicolas Söhling
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.S.); (J.N.); (D.H.); (J.F.); (I.M.)
| | - Ulrike Ritz
- BiomaTiCS Group, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Jonas Neijhoft
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.S.); (J.N.); (D.H.); (J.F.); (I.M.)
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.S.); (J.N.); (D.H.); (J.F.); (I.M.)
| | - Johannes Frank
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.S.); (J.N.); (D.H.); (J.F.); (I.M.)
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (N.S.); (J.N.); (D.H.); (J.F.); (I.M.)
| | - Andreas Blaeser
- Institute for BioMedical Printing Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany;
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence:
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PLA/Hydroxyapatite scaffolds exhibit in vitro immunological inertness and promote robust osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells without osteogenic stimuli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2333. [PMID: 35149687 PMCID: PMC8837663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects stand out as one of the greatest challenges of reconstructive surgery. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) allows for the printing of 3D scaffolds tailored to the morphology and size of bone damage in a patient-specific and high-precision manner. However, FDM still suffers from the lack of materials capable of efficiently supporting osteogenesis. In this study, we developed 3D-printed porous scaffolds composed of polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite (PLA/HA) composites with high ceramic contents (above 20%, w/w) by FDM. The mechanical properties of the PLA/HA scaffolds were compatible with those of trabecular bone. In vitro degradation tests revealed that HA can neutralize the acidification effect caused by PLA degradation, while simultaneously releasing calcium and phosphate ions. Importantly, 3D-printed PLA/HA did not induce the upregulation of activation markers nor the expression of inflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells thus exhibiting no immune-stimulatory properties in vitro. Evaluations using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) showed that pure PLA scaffolds exerted an osteoconductive effect, whereas PLA/HA scaffolds efficiently induced osteogenic differentiation of MSC even in the absence of any classical osteogenic stimuli. Our findings indicate that 3D-printed PLA scaffolds loaded with high concentrations of HA are most suitable for future applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Aalto-Setälä L, Uppstu P, Sinitsyna P, Lindfors NC, Hupa L. Dissolution of Amorphous S53P4 Glass Scaffolds in Dynamic In Vitro Conditions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4834. [PMID: 34500924 PMCID: PMC8432720 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The silicate-based bioactive glass S53P4 is clinically used in bone regenerative applications in granule form. However, utilization of the glass in scaffold form has been limited by the high tendency of the glass to crystallize during sintering. Here, careful optimization of sintering parameters enabled the manufacture of porous amorphous S53P4 scaffolds with a strength high enough for surgical procedures in bone applications (5 MPa). Sintering was conducted in a laboratory furnace for times ranging from 25 to 300 min at 630 °C, i.e., narrowly below the commencement of the crystallization. The phase composition of the scaffolds was verified with XRD, and the ion release was tested in vitro and compared with granules in continuous flow of Tris buffer and simulated body fluid (SBF). The amorphous, porous S53P4 scaffolds present the possibility of using the glass composition in a wider range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aalto-Setälä
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.A.-S.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Uppstu
- Polymer Technology Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Polina Sinitsyna
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.A.-S.); (P.S.)
| | - Nina C. Lindfors
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, PL 3 00014 University of Helsinki, 00260 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Leena Hupa
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.A.-S.); (P.S.)
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Wu P, Wang Y, Sun D, Luo Y, Chen C, Tang Z, Liao Y, Cao X, Xu L, Cheng C, Liu W, Liang X. In-vivo histocompatibility and osteogenic potential of biodegradable PLDLA composites containing silica-based bioactive glass fiber. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:59-71. [PMID: 32233716 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220911598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this two-year study was to evaluate the histocompatibility and osteogenic properties of a composite material consisting of poly(l-co-d,l lactide) (PLDLA) and silica-based bioactive glass fibers in vivo. PLDLA and PLDLA/silica-based bioactive glass fibers pins were implanted into the erector spinae muscles and femurs of beagles. Muscle and bone tissue samples were harvested 6, 12, 16, 26, 52, 78, and 104 weeks after implantation. Histology analysis was used to assess the histocompatibility, angiogenesis, and bone-implant contact. Micro-computed tomography was used to evaluate bone formation around the pins. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting revealed the expression level of the osteogenesis-related proteins. Addition of bioactive glass was demonstrated to possess better histocompatibility and reduce the inflammatory reactions in vivo. Moreover, PLDLA/silica-based bioactive glass fibers pins were demonstrated to promote angiogenesis and increase osteogenesis-related proteins expression, and thus played a positive role in osteogenesis and osseointegration after implantation. Our findings indicated that a composite of PLDLA and silica-based bioactive glass fiber is a promising biodegradable material for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youran Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunmao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chengkung Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Belyamani I, Kim K, Rahimi SK, Sahukhal GS, Elasri MO, Otaigbe JU. Creep, recovery, and stress relaxation behavior of nanostructured bioactive calcium phosphate glass-POSS/polymer composites for bone implants studied under simulated physiological conditions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2419-2432. [PMID: 30835946 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The creep and recovery and the stress relaxation behaviors of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) binary blends incorporating 30 wt % of a mixture of trisilanolisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and calcium phosphate glass (CaP-g) were investigated under simulated physiological and human body temperature conditions. The synergistic effect of PHA and CaP-g/POSS filler remarkably improved the creep behavior of the PBAT matrix and decreased its residual strain, consequently enhancing its elastic recovery. A considerable increase of the relaxation modulus of the hybrid materials was also observed upon incorporation of PHA and CaP-g/POSS. The relaxation modulus of the neat PBAT sample increased from ~60 MPa to ~1600 MPa after addition of 30 wt % CaP-g/POSS and 70 wt % PHA. However, after exposure of the composites to the simulated human body conditions for 14 days, a drop of dynamic mechanical properties of the studied material systems was observed along with formation of a desirable calcium phosphate phase on the material surface. The long-term (i.e., up to 7 × 105 s) viscoelastic behavior of the studied materials was successfully predicted using the time-temperature superposition principle and the obtained creep strain and the relaxation modulus master curves were satisfactorily fitted to the Findley power law equation and the generalized Maxwell model, respectively. This study demonstrates a facile method for tailoring CaP-g/POSS bioactive glasses composition for bone-like apatite formation on biopolymer surfaces. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2419-2432, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Belyamani
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Shahab Kashani Rahimi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Gyan S Sahukhal
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5018, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Mohamed O Elasri
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5018, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Joshua U Otaigbe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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