Miniaturization of EISCAP sensor for triglyceride detection

Inhibition assays of free and immobilized urease for detecting hexavalent chromium in water samples

The present work describes the inhibition studies of free as well as immobilized urease by different heavy metals. Porous silicon (PS) films prepared by electrochemical etching were used for urease immobilization by physical adsorption. The enzyme was subjected to varying concentrations of Cr⁶⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺ and analyzed for the variation in the activity. To study the effect of other heavy metals on the interaction of urease and Cr⁶⁺, free as well as immobilized urease was subjected to the combination of each metal ion with Cr⁶⁺. Results proved the sensitivity of free as well as immobilized urease towards heavy metals by observed reduction in activity. Immobilized urease showed less degree of inhibition compared to free urease when tested for inhibition by individual metal ions and in combination with Cr⁶⁺. IC₅₀ values were found higher for inhibition by the combination of metal ions with Cr⁶⁺. Interaction of heavy metal ions with functional groups in active site of urease and limitations of mass transfer are the two factors responsible for the variation in activity of urease. Relation between the variation of urease activity and amount of heavy metals can be applied in biosensor development for determining the concentration of Cr⁶⁺ present in the water samples.