1
|
Sorvina A, Antoniou M, Esmaeili Z, Kochetkova M. Unusual Suspects: Bone and Cartilage ECM Proteins as Carcinoma Facilitators. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030791. [PMID: 36765749 PMCID: PMC9913341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the complex three-dimensional network of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans that constitutes an essential part of every tissue to provide support for normal tissue homeostasis. Tissue specificity of the ECM in its topology and structure supports unique biochemical and mechanical properties of each organ. Cancers, like normal tissues, require the ECM to maintain multiple processes governing tumor development, progression and spread. A large body of experimental and clinical evidence has now accumulated to demonstrate essential roles of numerous ECM components in all cancer types. Latest findings also suggest that multiple tumor types express, and use to their advantage, atypical ECM components that are not found in the cancer tissue of origin. However, the understanding of cancer-specific expression patterns of these ECM proteins and their exact roles in selected tumor types is still sketchy. In this review, we summarize the latest data on the aberrant expression of bone and cartilage ECM proteins in epithelial cancers and their specific functions in the pathogenesis of carcinomas and discuss future directions in exploring the utility of this selective group of ECM components as future drug targets.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secreted-Extracellular Vesicles are Involved in Chondrocyte Production and Reduce Adipogenesis during Stem Cell Differentiation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:1295-1310. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are derived from internal cellular compartments, and have potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in degenerative disease associated with aging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising tool for functional EVs production. This study investigated the efficacy of EVs and its effect on differentiation capacity.
Methods:
The characteristics of MSCs were evaluated by flow cytometry and stem cell differentiation analysis, and a production mode of functional EVs was scaled from MSCs. The concentration and size of EVs were quantitated by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Western blot analysis was used to assess the protein expression of exosome-specific markers. The effects of MSC-derived EVs were assessed by chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation analyses and histological observation.
Results:
The range of the particle size of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)- and Wharton’s jelly -MSCs-derived EVs were from 130 to 150 nm as measured by NTA, which showed positive expression of exosomal markers. The chondrogenic induction ability was weakened in the absence of EVs in vitro. Interestingly, after EV administration, type II collagen, a major component in the cartilage extracellular matrix, was upregulated compared to the EV-free condition. Moreover, EVs decreased the lipid accumulation rate during adipogenic induction.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that the production model could facilitate production of effective EVs and further demonstrated the role of MSC-derived EVs in cell differentiation. MSC-derived EVs could be successfully used in cell-free therapy to guide chondrogenic differentiation of ADSC for future clinical applications in cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lei C, Mei S, Zhou C, Xia C. Decellularized tracheal scaffolds in tracheal reconstruction: An evaluation of different techniques. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2021; 19:22808000211064948. [PMID: 34903089 DOI: 10.1177/22808000211064948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the trachea is a conduit for ventilation connecting the throat and lungs. However, certain congenital or acquired diseases may cause long-term tracheal defects that require replacement. Tissue engineering is considered a promising method to reconstruct long-segment tracheal lesions and restore the structure and function of the trachea. Decellularization technology retains the natural structure of the trachea, has good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and is currently a hotspot in tissue engineering studies. This article lists various recent representative protocols for the generation of decellularized tracheal scaffolds (DTSs), as well as their validity and limitations. Based on the advancements in decellularization methods, we discussed the impact and importance of mechanical properties, revascularization, recellularization, and biocompatibility in the production and implantation of DTS. This review provides a basis for future research on DTS and its application in clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Mei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Z, Korntner SH, Mullen AM, Zeugolis DI. Collagen type II: From biosynthesis to advanced biomaterials for cartilage engineering. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2021; 4:100030. [PMID: 36824570 PMCID: PMC9934443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type II is the major constituent of cartilage tissue. Yet, cartilage engineering approaches are primarily based on collagen type I devices that are associated with suboptimal functional therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we briefly describe cartilage's development and cellular and extracellular composition and organisation. We also provide an overview of collagen type II biosynthesis and purification protocols from tissues of terrestrial and marine species and recombinant systems. We then advocate the use of collagen type II as a building block in cartilage engineering approaches, based on safety, efficiency and efficacy data that have been derived over the years from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - SH Korntner
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - AM Mullen
- Teagasc Research Centre, Ashtown, Ireland
| | - DI Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence author at: REMODEL, NUI Galway & UCD.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gong D, Yu F, Zhou M, Dong W, Yan D, Zhang S, Yan Y, Wang H, Tan Y, Chen Y, Feng B, Fu W, Fu Y, Lu Y. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Properties of an Injectable Hydrogel Derived From Acellular Ear Cartilage Extracellular Matrix. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:740635. [PMID: 34589475 PMCID: PMC8474061 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.740635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels provide advantages such as injectability, the ability to fill an irregularly shaped space, and the adequate bioactivity of native matrix. In this study, we developed decellularized cartilage ECM (dcECM) hydrogels from porcine ears innovatively via the main method of enzymatic digestion and verified good biocompatible properties of dcECM hydrogels to deliver chondrocytes and form subcutaneous cartilage in vivo. The scanning electron microscopy and turbidimetric gelation kinetics were used to characterize the material properties and gelation kinetics of the dcECM hydrogels. Then we evaluated the biocompatibility of hydrogels via the culture of chondrocytes in vitro. To further explore the dcECM hydrogels in vivo, grafts made from the mixture of dcECM hydrogels and chondrocytes were injected subcutaneously in nude mice for the gross and histological analysis. The structural and gelation kinetics of the dcECM hydrogels altered according to the variation in the ECM concentrations. The 10 mg/ml dcECM hydrogels could support the adhesion and proliferation of chondrocytes in vitro. In vivo, at 4 weeks after transplantation, cartilage-like tissues were detected in all groups with positive staining of toluidine blue, Safranin O, and collagen II, indicating the good gelation of dcECM hydrogels. While with the increasing concentration, the tissue engineering cartilages formed by 10 mg/ml dcECM hydrogel grafts were superior in weights, volumes, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content compared to the dcECM hydrogels of 1 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml. At 8 weeks after grafting, dcECM hydrogel grafts at 10 mg/ml showed very similar qualities to the control, collagen I grafts. After 12 weeks of in vivo culture, the histological analysis indicated that 10 mg/ml dcECM hydrogel grafts were similar to the normal cartilage from pig ears, which was the source tissue. In conclusion, dcECM hydrogel showed the promising potential as a tissue engineering biomaterial to improve the regeneration and heal injuries of ear cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danni Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijing Wang
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Feng
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu Z, Korntner SH, Mullen AM, Skoufos I, Tzora A, Zeugolis DI. In the quest of the optimal tissue source (porcine male and female articular, tracheal and auricular cartilage) for the development of collagen sponges for articular cartilage. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2021.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
7
|
Bajic A, Tarantino R, Chiu LLY, Duever T, Waldman SD. Optimization of culture media to enhance the growth of tissue engineered cartilage. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3017. [PMID: 32394623 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising option for cartilage repair. However, several hurdles still need to be overcome to develop functional tissue constructs suitable for implantation. One of the most common challenges is the general low capacity of chondrocytes to synthesize cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM). While different approaches have been explored to improve the biosynthetic response of chondrocytes, several studies have demonstrated that the nutritional environment (e.g., glucose concentration and media volume) can have a profound effect on ECM synthesis. Thus, the purpose of this study was to optimize the formulation of cell culture media to upregulate the accumulation of cartilaginous ECM constituents (i.e., proteoglycans and collagen) by chondrocytes in 3D culture. Using response surface methodology, four different media factors (basal media, media volume, glucose, and glutamine) were first screened to determine optimal media formulations. Constructs were then cultured under candidate optimal media formulations for 4 weeks and analyzed for their biochemical and structural properties. Interestingly, the maximal accumulation of proteoglycans and collagen appeared to be elicited by different media formulations. Most notably, proteoglycan accumulation was favored by high volume, low glucose-containing DMEM/F12 (1:1) media whereas collagen accumulation was favored by high volume, high glucose-containing F12 media. While high glutamine-containing media elicited increased DNA content, glutamine concentration had no apparent effect on ECM accumulation. Therefore, optimizing the nutritional environment during chondrocyte culture appears to be a promising, straight-forward approach to improve cartilaginous tissue formation. Future work will investigate the combined effects of the nutritional environment and external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Bajic
- Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Tarantino
- Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loraine L Y Chiu
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Duever
- Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cañibano-Hernández A, Saenz Del Burgo L, Espona-Noguera A, Orive G, Hernández RM, Ciriza J, Pedraz JL. Alginate Microcapsules Incorporating Hyaluronic Acid Recreate Closer in Vivo Environment for Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2390-2399. [PMID: 28558467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential clinical application of alginate cell microencapsulation has advanced enormously during the past decade. However, the 3D environment created by alginate beads does not mimic the natural extracellular matrix surrounding cells in vivo, responsible of cell survival and functionality. As one of the most frequent macromolecules present in the extracellular matrix is hyaluronic acid, we have formed hybrid beads with alginate and hyaluronic acid recreating a closer in vivo cell environment. Our results show that 1% alginate-0.25% hyaluronic acid microcapsules retain 1.5% alginate physicochemical properties. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in these hybrid beads show enhanced viability therapeutic protein release and mesenchymal stem cells' potential to differentiate into chondrogenic lineage. Although future studies with additional proteins need to be done in order to approach even more the extracellular matrix features, we have shown that hyaluronic acid protects alginate encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells by providing a niche-like environment and remaining them competent as a sustainable drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cañibano-Hernández
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Laura Saenz Del Burgo
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Albert Espona-Noguera
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Rosa M Hernández
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Jesús Ciriza
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN , Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kudo T, Nakatani S, Kakizaki M, Arai A, Ishida K, Wada M, Kobata K. Supplemented Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Suppress Mineralization of the Chondrogenic Cell Line, ATDC5, via Direct Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:2075-2080. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Kudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | | | - Ai Arai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | - Masahiro Wada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eo SH, Choi SY, Kim SJ. PEP-1-SIRT2-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 modulates type II collagen expression via ERK signaling in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:201-208. [PMID: 27697532 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical for the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which includes cartilage-specific collagen types I, II and XI. We previously found that PEP-1-sirtuin (SIRT)2 could induce dedifferentiation of articular chondrocytes; however, the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. We addressed this in the present study by examining the association between PEP-1-SIRT2 and the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 and type II collagen in rabbit articular chondrocytes. We found that PEP-1-SIRT2 increased MMP-1 and -13 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as determined by western blotting. A similar trend in MMP-1 and -13 levels was observed in cultures during expansion to four passages. Pharmacological inhibition of MMP-1 and -13 blocked the PEP-1-SIRT2-induced decrease in type II collagen level. Phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) was increased by PEP-1-SIRT2; however, treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD98059 suppressed PEP-1-SIRT2-induced MMP-1 and -13 expression and dedifferentiation while restoring type II collagen expression in passage 2 cells. These results suggest that PEP-1-SIRT2 promotes MMP-induced dedifferentiation via ERK signaling in articular chondrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hui Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudaehak-ro, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudaehak-ro, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang K, David AE, Choi YS, Wu Y, Buschle-Diller G. Scaffold materials from glycosylated and PEGylated bovine serum albumin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2839-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Young-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Yonnie Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Gisela Buschle-Diller
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grolik M, Szczubiałka K, Wowra B, Dobrowolski D, Orzechowska-Wylęgała B, Wylęgała E, Nowakowska M. Corneal Epithelial Scaffolds Based on Chitosan Membranes Containing Collagen and Keratin. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.909425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Yang SR, Peng S, Ko CY, Chu IM. The effects of different molecular weight chondroitin-4-sulfates in chondrocyte pellet culture. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:371-9. [PMID: 25283267 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For this study, we cultured chondrocyte pellets in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium plus a 2 % fetal bovine serum medium, and treated them with 2- to 8-mer oligosaccharides of chondroitin sulfate A to examine the effects of these oligosaccharides on the differentiation and protection of chondrocytes. We found low-molecular-weight CSAs to increase the ratio of the gene expression levels of collagen II/collagen I of chondrocytes from the first day up to 14 days after culture compared with those under a CSA-free medium. Moreover, low-molecular-weight CSAs inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and peptidases, and stimulated an endogenous tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. The dp-8 (8-mer) CSA yielded the most effective response among promoting collagen type II protein secretions compared with other groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rui Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sydney Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Yin Ko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Ming Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dwivedi P, Bhat S, Nayak V, Kumar A. Study of Different Delivery Modes of Chondroitin Sulfate Using Microspheres and Cryogel Scaffold for Application in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.886223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
The ECM-cell interaction of cartilage extracellular matrix on chondrocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:648459. [PMID: 24959581 PMCID: PMC4052144 DOI: 10.1155/2014/648459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed primarily of the network type II collagen (COLII) and an interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans (PGs), hyaluronic acid (HA), and chondroitin sulfate (CS). Articular cartilage ECM plays a crucial role in regulating chondrocyte metabolism and functions, such as organized cytoskeleton through integrin-mediated signaling via cell-matrix interaction. Cell signaling through integrins regulates several chondrocyte functions, including differentiation, metabolism, matrix remodeling, responses to mechanical stimulation, and cell survival. The major signaling pathways that regulate chondrogenesis have been identified as wnt signal, nitric oxide (NO) signal, protein kinase C (PKC), and retinoic acid (RA) signal. Integrins are a large family of molecules that are central regulators in multicellular biology. They orchestrate cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive interactions from embryonic development to mature tissue function. In this review, we emphasize the signaling molecule effect and the biomechanics effect of cartilage ECM on chondrogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Mohan N, Gupta V, Sridharan B, Sutherland A, Detamore MS. The potential of encapsulating "raw materials" in 3D osteochondral gradient scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:829-41. [PMID: 24293388 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds with continuous gradients in material composition and bioactive signals enable a smooth transition of properties at the interface. Components like chondroitin sulfate (CS) and bioactive glass (BG) in 3D scaffolds may serve as "raw materials" for synthesis of new extracellular matrix (ECM), and may have the potential to completely or partially replace expensive growth factors. We hypothesized that scaffolds with gradients of ECM components would enable superior performance of engineered constructs. Raw material encapsulation altered the appearance, structure, porosity, and degradation of the scaffolds. They allowed the scaffolds to better retain their 3D structure during culture and provided a buffering effect to the cells in culture. Following seeding of rat mesenchymal stem cells, there were several instances where glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen, or calcium contents were higher with the scaffolds containing raw materials (CS or BG) than with those containing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2. It was also noteworthy that a combination of both CS and TGF-β3 increased the secretion of collagen type II. Moreover, cells seeded in scaffolds containing opposing gradients of CS/TGF-β3 and BG/BMP-2 produced clear regional variations in the secretion of tissue-specific ECM. The study demonstrated raw materials have the potential to create a favorable microenvironment for cells; they can significantly enhance the synthesis of certain extracellular matrix (ECM) components when compared to expensive growth factors; either alone or in combination with growth factors they can enhance the secretion of tissue specific matrix proteins. Raw materials are promising candidates that can be used to either replace or be used in combination with growth factors. Success with raw materials in lieu of growth factors could have profound implications in terms of lower cost and faster regulatory approval for more rapid translation of regenerative medicine products to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Mohan
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ye K, Felimban R, Moulton SE, Wallace GG, Bella CD, Traianedes K, Choong PFM, Myers DE. Bioengineering of articular cartilage: past, present and future. Regen Med 2013; 8:333-49. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of cartilage defects poses a clinical challenge owing to the lack of intrinsic regenerative capacity of cartilage. The use of tissue engineering techniques to bioengineer articular cartilage is promising and may hold the key to the successful regeneration of cartilage tissue. Natural and synthetic biomaterials have been used to recreate the microarchitecture of articular cartilage through multilayered biomimetic scaffolds. Acellular scaffolds preserve the microarchitecture of articular cartilage through a process of decellularization of biological tissue. Although promising, this technique often results in poor biomechanical strength of the graft. However, biomechanical strength could be improved if biomaterials could be incorporated back into the decellularized tissue to overcome this limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
| | - Raed Felimban
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Simon E Moulton
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales 2552, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales 2552, Australia
| | - Claudia Di Bella
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Kathy Traianedes
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Peter FM Choong
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Damian E Myers
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
He Z, Xiong L. Influence of Addition of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) on the Properties of Collagen/HA Composite Scaffolds. J MACROMOL SCI B 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.789363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqiang He
- a College of Biology and Environmental Science , Jishou University , Jishou , P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Xiong
- a College of Biology and Environmental Science , Jishou University , Jishou , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Renth AN, Detamore MS. Leveraging "raw materials" as building blocks and bioactive signals in regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2012; 18:341-62. [PMID: 22462759 PMCID: PMC3458620 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Components found within the extracellular matrix (ECM) have emerged as an essential subset of biomaterials for tissue engineering scaffolds. Collagen, glycosaminoglycans, bioceramics, and ECM-based matrices are the main categories of "raw materials" used in a wide variety of tissue engineering strategies. The advantages of raw materials include their inherent ability to create a microenvironment that contains physical, chemical, and mechanical cues similar to native tissue, which prove unmatched by synthetic biomaterials alone. Moreover, these raw materials provide a head start in the regeneration of tissues by providing building blocks to be bioresorbed and incorporated into the tissue as opposed to being biodegraded into waste products and removed. This article reviews the strategies and applications of employing raw materials as components of tissue engineering constructs. Utilizing raw materials holds the potential to provide both a scaffold and a signal, perhaps even without the addition of exogenous growth factors or cytokines. Raw materials contain endogenous proteins that may also help to improve the translational success of tissue engineering solutions to progress from laboratory bench to clinical therapies. Traditionally, the tissue engineering triad has included cells, signals, and materials. Whether raw materials represent their own new paradigm or are categorized as a bridge between signals and materials, it is clear that they have emerged as a leading strategy in regenerative medicine. The common use of raw materials in commercial products as well as their growing presence in the research community speak to their potential. However, there has heretofore not been a coordinated or organized effort to classify these approaches, and as such we recommend that the use of raw materials be introduced into the collective consciousness of our field as a recognized classification of regenerative medicine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Renth
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matsiko A, Levingstone TJ, O'Brien FJ, Gleeson JP. Addition of hyaluronic acid improves cellular infiltration and promotes early-stage chondrogenesis in a collagen-based scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 11:41-52. [PMID: 22658153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The response of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to a matrix largely depends on the composition as well as the extrinsic mechanical and morphological properties of the substrate to which they adhere to. Collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffolds have been extensively used in a range of tissue engineering applications with great success. This is due in part to the presence of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in complementing the biofunctionality of collagen. In this context, the overall goal of this study was to investigate the effect of two GAG types: chondroitin sulphate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HyA) on the mechanical and morphological characteristics of collagen-based scaffolds and subsequently on the differentiation of rat MSCs in vitro. Morphological characterisation revealed that the incorporation of HyA resulted in a significant reduction in scaffold mean pore size (93.9 μm) relative to collagen-CS (CCS) scaffolds (136.2 μm). In addition, the collagen-HyA (CHyA) scaffolds exhibited greater levels of MSC infiltration in comparison to the CCS scaffolds. Moreover, these CHyA scaffolds showed significant acceleration of early stage gene expression of SOX-9 (approximately 60-fold higher, p<0.01) and collagen type II (approximately 35-fold higher, p<0.01) as well as cartilage matrix production (7-fold higher sGAG content) in comparison to CCS scaffolds by day 14. Combining their ability to stimulate MSC migration and chondrogenesis in vitro, these CHyA scaffolds show great potential as appropriate matrices for promoting cartilage tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Matsiko
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Murphy CM, Matsiko A, Haugh MG, Gleeson JP, O'Brien FJ. Mesenchymal stem cell fate is regulated by the composition and mechanical properties of collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 11:53-62. [PMID: 22658154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In stem cell biology, focus has recently turned to the influence of the intrinsic properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as structural, composition and elasticity, on stem cell differentiation. Utilising collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffolds as an analogue of the ECM, this study set out to determine the effect of scaffold stiffness and composition on naive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation in the absence of differentiation supplements. Dehydrothermal (DHT) and 1-ethyl-3-3-dimethyl aminopropyl carbodiimide (EDAC) crosslinking treatments were used to produce three homogeneous CG scaffolds with the same composition but different stiffness values: 0.5, 1 and 1.5 kPa. In addition, the effect of scaffold composition on MSC differentiation was investigated by utilising two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) types: chondroitin sulphate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HyA). Results demonstrated that scaffolds with the lowest stiffness (0.5 kPa) facilitated a significant up-regulation in SOX9 expression indicating that MSCs are directed towards a chondrogenic lineage in more compliant scaffolds. In contrast, the greatest level of RUNX2 expression was found in the stiffest scaffolds (1.5 kPa) indicating that MSCs are directed towards an osteogenic lineage in stiffer scaffolds. Furthermore, results demonstrated that the level of up-regulation of SOX9 was higher within the CHyA scaffolds in comparison to the CCS scaffolds indicating that hyaluronic acid further influences chondrogenic differentiation. In contrast, enhanced RUNX2 expression was observed in the CCS scaffolds in comparison to the CHyA scaffolds suggesting an osteogenic influence of chondroitin sulphate on MSC differentiation. In summary, this study demonstrates that, even in the absence of differentiation supplements, scaffold stiffness can direct the fate of MSCs, an effect that is further enhanced by the GAG type used within the CG scaffolds. These results have significant implications for the therapeutic uses of stem cells and enhance our understanding of the physical effects of the in vivo microenvironment on stem cell behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Murphy
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Potential of exogenous cartilage proteoglycan as a new material for cartilage regeneration. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2011; 36:869-77. [PMID: 21837448 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although proteoglycan (PG) is one of the major components of cartilage matrices, its biological function is not fully elucidated. METHODS The objectives of this study were to investigate the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes embedded in atelocollagen gel with exogenous cartilage PG (PG-atelocollagen gel) in vitro, and also to evaluate the repair of cartilage defects by PG-atelocollagen gel in vivo. In the in vitro study, rabbit chondrocytes were cultured in the PG-atelocollagen gel. Cell proliferation and mRNA expression levels were measured, and gels were histologically evaluated. In the in vivo study, cultured PG-atelocollagen gel containing chondrocytes were transplanted into full-thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbit knees, and evaluated macroscopically and histologically. RESULTS For the in vitro study, chondrocyte proliferation in 5.0 mg/ml PG-atelocollagen gel was enhanced, and the gene expression of Col2a1 and Aggrecan were decreased. In contrast, chondrocyte proliferation in 0.1 and 1.0 mg/ml PG-atelocollagen gel was not enhanced. The gene expression of Aggrecan in 0.1 and 1.0 mg/ml PG-atelocollagen gel was increased. For the in vivo study, the histological average total score of the 0.1 mg/ml PG-atelocollagen gel was significantly better than that of the group without PG. CONCLUSIONS Although the appropriate concentration of PG has not been defined, this study suggests the efficacy of PG for cartilage repair.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim BS, Park IK, Hoshiba T, Jiang HL, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Cho CS. Design of artificial extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Chen WC, Yao CL, Chu IM, Wei YH. Compare the effects of chondrogenesis by culture of human mesenchymal stem cells with various type of the chondroitin sulfate C. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 111:226-31. [PMID: 21035392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate C (CSC) is a kind of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with molecular weights of 10,000 to 50,000 Da and a high charge density. GAGs are major components in extracellular matrix (ECM), which play important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In this study, we studied the effects of chondroitin sulfate C (CSC) on the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward the chondrocyte lineage. The MSCs were either cultured on type II collagen (COL II) scaffolds with high molecular weight CSC addition in the medium (free CSC) or with free oligosaccharide CSC. Special attention was given to the effects of MSCs cultured on CSC cross-linked type II scaffolds (cross-linked CSC). According to the analysis of histology stain, gene expression, and ECM secretion, our results showed that MSCs cultured with free CSC, free oligosaccharides CSC, and on the cross-linked CSC scaffolds all would be induced into chondrocytes. Moreover, free oligosaccharide CSC present in the microenvironment could significantly up-regulate MSC chondrogenesis gene expression and stimulate cartilage ECM accumulation more than free CSC with high molecular weight after 3-week induction. Importantly, cross-linked CSC had the most excellent effects on the MSC chondrogenesis. Thus, we believed that cross-linked CSC in the scaffold would play the similar roles with free oligosaccharide CSC in the medium. Cross-linked CSC would be a potential candidate for cartilage repair in the cell therapy and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|