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Liang W, Zhou C, Meng Y, Fu L, Zeng B, Liu Z, Ming W, Long H. An overview of the material science and knowledge of nanomedicine, bioscaffolds, and tissue engineering for tendon restoration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1199220. [PMID: 37388772 PMCID: PMC10306281 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1199220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon wounds are a worldwide health issue affecting millions of people annually. Due to the characteristics of tendons, their natural restoration is a complicated and lengthy process. With the advancement of bioengineering, biomaterials, and cell biology, a new science, tissue engineering, has developed. In this field, numerous ways have been offered. As increasingly intricate and natural structures resembling tendons are produced, the results are encouraging. This study highlights the nature of the tendon and the standard cures that have thus far been utilized. Then, a comparison is made between the many tendon tissue engineering methodologies proposed to date, concentrating on the ingredients required to gain the structures that enable appropriate tendon renewal: cells, growth factors, scaffolds, and scaffold formation methods. The analysis of all these factors enables a global understanding of the impact of each component employed in tendon restoration, thereby shedding light on potential future approaches involving the creation of novel combinations of materials, cells, designs, and bioactive molecules for the restoration of a functional tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Guanghua Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfeng Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing City Keqiao District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenyi Ming
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengguo Long
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Xing X, Han Y, Cheng H. Biomedical applications of chitosan/silk fibroin composites: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124407. [PMID: 37060984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymers have been used in the biomedical fields for decades, mainly derived from animals and plants with high similarities with biomacromolecules in the human body. As an alkaline polysaccharide, chitosan (CS) attracts much attention in tissue regeneration and drug delivery with favorable biocompatibility, biodegradation, and antibacterial activity. However, to overcome its mechanical properties and degradation behavior drawbacks, a robust fibrous protein-silk fibroin (SF) was introduced to prepare the CS/SF composites. Not only can CS be combined with SF via the amide and hydrogen bond formation, but also their functions are complementary and tunable with the blending ratio. To further improve the performances of CS/SF composites, natural (e.g., hyaluronic acid and collagen) and synthetic biopolymers (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol and hexanone) were incorporated. Also, the CS/SF composites acted as slow-release carriers for inorganic non-metals (e.g., hydroxyapatite and graphene) and metal particles (e.g., silver and magnesium), which could enhance cell functions, facilitate tissue healing, and inhibit bacterial growth. This review presents the state-of-the-art and future perspectives of different biomaterials combined with CS/SF composites as sponges, hydrogels, membranes, particles, and coatings. Emphasis is devoted to the biological potentialities of these hybrid systems, which look rather promising toward a multitude of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xing
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Yu Han
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hui Cheng
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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Tuwalska A, Grabska-Zielińska S, Sionkowska A. Chitosan/Silk Fibroin Materials for Biomedical Applications-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071343. [PMID: 35406217 PMCID: PMC9003105 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a report on recent advances in the field of chitosan (CTS) and silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer blends as new biomaterials. Chitosan and silk fibroin are widely used to obtain biomaterials. However, the materials based on the blends of these two biopolymers have not been summarized in a review paper yet. As these materials can attract both academic and industrial attention, we propose this review paper to showcase the latest achievements in this area. In this review, the latest literature regarding the preparation and properties of chitosan and silk fibroin and their blends has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tuwalska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Grabska-Zielińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Belda Marín C, Fitzpatrick V, Kaplan DL, Landoulsi J, Guénin E, Egles C. Silk Polymers and Nanoparticles: A Powerful Combination for the Design of Versatile Biomaterials. Front Chem 2020; 8:604398. [PMID: 33335889 PMCID: PMC7736416 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.604398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein largely used in the textile industry but also in biomedicine, catalysis, and other materials applications. SF is biocompatible, biodegradable, and possesses high tensile strength. Moreover, it is a versatile compound that can be formed into different materials at the macro, micro- and nano-scales, such as nanofibers, nanoparticles, hydrogels, microspheres, and other formats. Silk can be further integrated into emerging and promising additive manufacturing techniques like bioprinting, stereolithography or digital light processing 3D printing. As such, the development of methodologies for the functionalization of silk materials provide added value. Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) have interesting and unexpected properties differing from bulk materials. These properties include better catalysis efficiency (better surface/volume ratio and consequently decreased quantify of catalyst), antibacterial activity, fluorescence properties, and UV-radiation protection or superparamagnetic behavior depending on the metal used. Given the promising results and performance of INPs, their use in many different procedures has been growing. Therefore, combining the useful properties of silk fibroin materials with those from INPs is increasingly relevant in many applications. Two main methodologies have been used in the literature to form silk-based bionanocomposites: in situ synthesis of INPs in silk materials, or the addition of preformed INPs to silk materials. This work presents an overview of current silk nanocomposites developed by these two main methodologies. An evaluation of overall INP characteristics and their distribution within the material is presented for each approach. Finally, an outlook is provided about the potential applications of these resultant nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Belda Marín
- Laboratory of Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter (TIMR), Université de Technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, Compiègne, France
- Laboratoire de réactivité de surface (UMR CNRS 7197), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Jessem Landoulsi
- Laboratoire de réactivité de surface (UMR CNRS 7197), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Erwann Guénin
- Laboratory of Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter (TIMR), Université de Technologie de Compiègne, ESCOM, Compiègne, France
| | - Christophe Egles
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
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Mehrabani MG, Karimian R, Rakhshaei R, Pakdel F, Eslami H, Fakhrzadeh V, Rahimi M, Salehi R, Kafil HS. Chitin/silk fibroin/TiO 2 bio-nanocomposite as a biocompatible wound dressing bandage with strong antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:966-976. [PMID: 29782987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interconnected microporous biodegradable and biocompatible chitin/silk fibroin/TiO2 nanocomposite wound dressing with high antibacterial, blood clotting and mechanical strength properties were synthesized using freeze-drying method. The prepared nanocomposite dressings were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. The prepared nanocomposite dressings showed high porosity above 90% with well-defined interconnected porous construction. Swelling and water uptake of the dressing were 93%, which is great for wound dressing applications. Haemostatic potential of the prepared dressings was studied and the results proved the higher blood clotting ability of the nanocomposites compared to pure components and commercially available products. Besides, cell viability, attachment and proliferation by MTT assay and DAPI staining on HFFF2 cell as a Human Caucasian Foetal Foreskin Fibroblast proved the cytocompatibility nature of the nanocomposite scaffolds with well improved proliferation and cell attachment. To determine the antimicrobial efficiencies, both disc diffusion method and colony counts were performed and results imply that nanocomposite scaffolds have high antimicrobial activity and could successfully inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Moreover, based on these results, the prepared chitin/silk fibroin/TiO2 nanocomposite dressing could serve as a kind of promising wound dressing with great antibacterial and antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ghanbari Mehrabani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Karimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasul Rakhshaei
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Pakdel
- Connective tissues Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hosein Eslami
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Fakhrzadeh
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rahimi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Parchi PD, Vittorio O, Andreani L, Battistini P, Piolanti N, Marchetti S, Poggetti A, Lisanti M. Nanoparticles for Tendon Healing and Regeneration: Literature Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:202. [PMID: 27597828 PMCID: PMC4992689 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries are commonly met in the emergency department. Unfortunately, tendon tissue has limited regeneration potential and usually the consequent formation of scar tissue causes inferior mechanical properties. Nanoparticles could be used in different way to improve tendon healing and regeneration, ranging from scaffolds manufacturing (increasing the strength and endurance or anti-adhesions, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory properties) to gene therapy. This paper aims to summarize the most relevant studies showing the potential application of nanoparticles for tendon tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D Parchi
- First Orthopaedic Division, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Orazio Vittorio
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, UNSW AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW AustraliaSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Andreani
- First Orthopaedic Division, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Battistini
- First Orthopaedic Division, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Piolanti
- First Orthopaedic Division, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Marchetti
- First Orthopaedic Division, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Poggetti
- First Orthopaedic Division, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Lisanti
- First Orthopaedic Division, Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy
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7
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Cheung TS, Lau PM, Lu H, Ho HP, Lui PPY, Kong SK. Cytotoxic and sublethal effects of silver nanoparticles on tendon-derived stem cells - implications for tendon engineering. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:318-330. [PMID: 30090348 PMCID: PMC6060715 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00349k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries occur commonly in sports and workplace. Tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) have great potential for tendon healing because they can differentiate into functional tenocytes. To grow TDSCs properly in vivo, a scaffold is needed. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used in a range of biomedical applications for their anti-bacterial and -inflammatory effects. AgNPs are therefore expected to be a good scaffolding coating material for tendon engineering. Yet, their cytotoxicity in TDSCs remains unknown. Moreover, their sublethal effects were mysterious in TDSCs. In our study, decahedral AgNPs (43.5 nm in diameter) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) caused a decrease in TDSCs' viability beginning at 37.5 μg ml-1 but showed non-cytotoxic effects at concentrations below 18.8 μg ml-1. Apoptosis was observed in the TDSCs when higher doses of AgNPs (75-150 μg ml-1) were used. Mechanistically, AgNPs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization, resulting in apoptosis. Interestingly, treating TDSCs with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) antioxidant significantly antagonized the ROS formation, MMP depolarization and apoptosis indicating that ROS accumulation was a prominent mediator in the AgNP-induced cytotoxicity. On the other hand, AgNPs inhibited the tendon markers' mRNA expression (0-15 μg ml-1), proliferation and clonogenicity (0-15 μg ml-1) in TDSCs under non-cytotoxic concentrations. Taken together, we have reported here for the first time that the decahedral AgNPs are cytotoxic to rat TDSCs and their sublethal effects are also detrimental to stem cells' proliferation and tenogenic differentiation. Therefore, AgNPs are not a good scaffolding coating material for tendon engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tik Shing Cheung
- Program of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +(852) 3943 6799
| | - Pui Man Lau
- Program of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +(852) 3943 6799
| | - Haifei Lu
- Department of Electronic Engineering , Center for Advanced Research in Photonics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ho Pui Ho
- Department of Electronic Engineering , Center for Advanced Research in Photonics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | | | - Siu Kai Kong
- Program of Biochemistry , School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +(852) 3943 6799
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8
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Ribeiro VP, Almeida LR, Martins AR, Pashkuleva I, Marques AP, Ribeiro AS, Silva CJ, Bonifácio G, Sousa RA, Reis RL, Oliveira AL. Influence of different surface modification treatments on silk biotextiles for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:496-507. [PMID: 25939722 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biotextile structures from silk fibroin have demonstrated to be particularly interesting for tissue engineering (TE) applications due to their high mechanical strength, interconnectivity, porosity, and ability to degrade under physiological conditions. In this work, we described several surface treatments of knitted silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds, namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, ultraviolet radiation exposure in an ozone atmosphere (UV/O3) and oxygen (O2) plasma treatment followed by acrylic acid (AAc), vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA), and vinyl sulfonic acid (VSA) immersion. The effect of these treatments on the mechanical properties of the textile constructs was evaluated by tensile tests in dry and hydrated states. Surface properties such as morphology, topography, wettability and elemental composition were also affected by the applied treatments. The in vitro biological behavior of L929 fibroblasts revealed that cells were able to adhere and spread both on the untreated and surface-modified textile constructs. The applied treatments had different effects on the scaffolds' surface properties, confirming that these modifications can be considered as useful techniques to modulate the surface of biomaterials according to the targeted application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana P Ribeiro
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lília R Almeida
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana R Martins
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana S Ribeiro
- CeNTI, Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, V.N. Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Carla J Silva
- CeNTI, Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, V.N. Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Graça Bonifácio
- CITEVE, Technological Centre for Textile and Clothing Industry, V.N. Famalicão, Portugal
| | - Rui A Sousa
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana L Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Universidade do Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.,CBQF-Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto, 4200-401, Portugal
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